Search results

Result Limit

Sort

Display

(1 - 1 of 1)

Title: The Port of Bellingham, 1920-1970
Date: 1972
Digital Collection: Center for Pacific Northwest Studies Occasional Papers
Type of resource: text
Object custodian: Center for Pacific Northwest Studies
Local Identifier: cpnws_ops_001
Text preview (might not show all results): THE PORT OF BELLINGHAM 1920-1970 ' JAMES H. HITCHMAN Center for Pacific Northwest Studies Occasional Paper # l The Port of Bellingham 1920 - 1970 by James H. Hitchman Occasional Paper Number One
Show moreTHE PORT OF BELLINGHAM 1920-1970 ' JAMES H. HITCHMAN Center for Pacific Northwest Studies Occasional Paper # l The Port of Bellingham 1920 - 1970 by James H. Hitchman Occasional Paper Number One Center for Pacific Northwest Studies Western Washington State College © James H. Hitchman 1972 Printed at \!estern Washington State College, Bellingham ii Table of Contents Page Editor's Preface vii Preface I II III IV ix Introduction 1 The Port Authority 7 Physical Development 17 Waterfront Industry 25 37 v Shipping . VI VII VIII IX Assessment of Shipping 61 Labor and Administration . 63 The Value of the Port 71 Conclusion . . 83 List of Tables and Maps v Appendices A. A Note on the Statistics of Port History 89 B. A Note of the Sources of Port History 93 95 Backnotes 107 Bibliography Index iii iv List of Tables and Maps I Tables L State for ti on rations and Whatcom 25 ts tal Assets 25 Bonded Indebtedness 26 5, Tax Levies 26 6. Number of Leases 7. Income from Lee.ees 27 27 9, Frofit an.d Loss From Industrial t 10. North Terminal lL l;,laterborne Toi::al Tons Bellingham 12. Waterborne Star:e of 13. Waterborne Sel·~cted B,C. Total Dist~icts fo;: 1970 31 32 and Port 38 ton U.S., Ports and Vaneccmver, , Selected World Ports, Total Ton- 15. 16. 1 arisons, 1967-1971 Bellingham Bay , Local) i:;oas tal, Foreign 50 I J_ J ~ 51 Tonnages, 1938 52 19. 1955~ 2L 46 1960 1970 53 Pacific Tonnci.ge 56 Page I II Tables (continued) 230 Wharfage and Longshoreman Wages 64 24. Port Table of Organization 66 25. Value Generated by Port Handling of Commodities, 19 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 26. County Payroll, Port Related Industry 74 2 7. Land Use in Bellingham Bay 80 Maps . 2 Bellingham Bay in 1920-23 15 Bellingham Bay in 1930 35 Bellingham Bay in 1952 59 Bellingham Bay in 1965-70 69 Locational Map . Blaine Harbor in 1970 . 81 '\Tl EDITOR'S PREFACE Western's Center for Pacific Northwest Studies, now entering on its second year of life, set as one of its initial goals, . the publication of two series of papers: a series of Occasional Papers, in which scholars of the Center and others will publish the results of research projects undertaken on various aspects of the Pacific Northwest; and a series of Bibliographical Papers, which will provide inventories of archival and other collections in the Center, as well as bibliographies on selected Pacific Northwest topics. Through the efforts of Dr. Herbert C. Taylor, Jr., Dean for Research and Grants, the Research Advisory Committee has made available funds for the publication of the first of the series of Occasional Papers. A timely and incisive study of the Port of Bellingham's first fifty years as a public authority, Dr. Hitchman's short monograph will provide the general public with a clear story of the port's development, and the student with a scholarly, well-documented account of a public authority in action. James W. Scott, Director vii • viii PREFACE The purpose of this history of the Port of Bellingham is to delineate the main features of port activity from 1920 to 1970. Al- though the chief aspects of bay and county water-oriented enterprise are outlined, no attempt has been made to render an encyclopedic chronicle of all events on Bellingham Bay. The theme followed is the port commission's exercise of its powers to develop an outport in the Northwest corner of the United States. I have always been interested in the sea and living on Bellingham Bay during the past six years has impelled me to learn about the port and to contribute this account of local history to posterity. The endeavor of men and women to make a living from the salt waters of Whatcom County is a story worth preservation. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance received on this project for the past two years. The study would have been im- possible without the generosity of Mr. Thomas Glenn, the Port Manager. The patient and friendly help of Mrs. Dorothy Clinard has been invaluable. Other members ·of the port staff have answered many ques- tions and assisted in other ways: Mr. T. P. Scholz, Mr. Carl Erland- son, Mr. George Livesey, Mrs. Mel Reasoner, Mrs. Lucille Jungblom, Mr. John Adams, Mr. Loren DeWitt, Mr. Bill Lausch, Mr. Bill Bond, Mr. Bill Gardner. Mr. Jack Baker, Bellingham Fire Chief and Mr. Dave Langford, his assistant, let me scan their Harbormaster files. ix Mr. the 'What~ dat been ~ OL I lish this as the Center's first wil to The of Dr., R•)land DeLorme, chairman of the His a:rtment of He and Professors is the and Robe.rt Monahan g comments. casional paper. T'hi.s s was undertaken and is in no of the official. his sen.se a t with thei·c tt~arlus I &TI however, to Dean Herbert C le licatior1 Research :fo:r a:o.d M:rs, Jane Clark the manus t ·~ t (~ochrane The work or: Hr., Ken Ander~ son and the errors of fact or interpretation are mine and I would June~, 1972 ~ xi xii I Introductio11 In colonial The sea has little b ters sailed their s times, and Caribbean 1784, Yankee ente artd with China at Canton, "to raany trade had In 1789-1792, Robert 'Weattiered Horn and landed on the Pacific Northwest Coast, furs to insert in the China trade. From the 1840 1 s th 1 the Sound, the Columbia 1920' s, waterborne traffic thrived on River and for s Pacific coast as s lrnnber schooners, f:ce:t ters car== wen2 joined ried their cargoes between of the U. S. boats and their tasks. of these vessels were built in t Sound After 1900, trade from the State of as= sumed a States . launet1ed 11.en and women attracted to the waters of various maritime endeavors. The efforts of the drama of the waterfront, the wate1~borne histor~y: Poi~ts to treatments of of have been Ennong the Sax<;, oym"Grtt of contai-ri much Juan Islands smd the. nature of al corm:nerce,, as 1-!istorical and personalities port 'his but a red BELLINGHAM AND ADJACENT WATERS 0 _ _ _ _ __ (_ _ _ - IO -__._----'-j~~~~2~0~~ ~r_~N=AU~Trl\.CAL 124° MILES 30 3 of the century is the lie corporation, or cornrc..iss1or1; a.s a autl-iori The purpose of tb.is s is to select one dei.Jel . . . port and describe tlH:! 'S'.tay th_e Port Ceiirnnission of facilities and diversified business its first years in 1-Trta t com for c2.ntuiies In_dians plied and "Vancotr\rer Russell scann~ed started a the sawmill there in 1853.. fish~ Roeder and From the 1850 is of consisted In and passe.nger se:cv·iee . coal 9 S1:ipplies for created a 1920, the voters of Whatcom jurisdiction cove Eliza Frar~cisc.o ay' in. 1791--1792;; World War I, tiinber~ ~ the tained property in IHair,e Harbor e;s well as , but addi- conducted water-based business tional private interests have in the county separate from is located on the northeas 108 nautical miles rrom the Pacific Ocean nort11 of Seattle miles 22 u1iles south of the Ca11adian burder :~ 55 n1iles from Vancouver, British Columbia, miles shore of is about t'iftre.l 1,1e and tln:ee miles wide, open to the south and southwest, th from 96 to 24 feet except in the northern Nooksack River, vJt]l_ere tide flats merge 1!?ir:::l1 the delta of th.e. Tide and cu.rrent. ing winds are from the aoutheast, al winter norcherlies occur. are minimal; the revaiL- su1!1!.D1er westerlies and 4 Juan de Fu.ca, Haro Strait, Strait of Georgia Bellingham Channel an.d Rosario Strait for access 5 while shallow draft vessels may conn the Swinomish Channel and Hale Passage Waterfront facilities of the port are located at Whatcom Creek I and J Street Creek and Blaine. connecting with Bellingham have been the Railroads , Milwaukee and St . Paul, Great Northern, and Northern Pacific" 1 Although the port has exceptionally good access water and is closer to British Columbia and the Pacific Ocean than most Sound ports, it is hampered Canadian border lack of a the mountain ranges hin.terlar~d') t Th.e the greater size of Seattle and Vancouver, with their more populous hinterlands, t a ti on connections and commonwealth ties, have combined to prevent Belling- ham from becoming a or port and confined essentially to Wb.atcom s hint.srland i:::; County~ Bellingham and Blaine are not transshipment points with rail and air connections to sumer areas; they are at one end of the United States systenL Nevertheless, within these limits has grown in the past fifty yearso mid~twentieth the Port of Bellingham cultural products, joined various manufactures such as alumi- num and petroleum that can be carried economic ti on. increase=- 'With more production. and one of the supporting causes of tat ion Historically, the economy of the county has depended on forest, sea and in the con- on of has besn. Table I for Whatcom and State State 1920 25 ,535 1930 ;;823 1940 29,314 1)736 000 1950 34, 112 2,379~000 1960 3£,.11688 70 317 2,853;}214 1970 J.J '!; :ic; 31,3 7 3,34L399 797 The slow ind us 595128 increase was due to the and the aesthetic f·rom other, mo:ce crov1ded areas, geog 1, of the The. corrnn.ission.:'.' u.tili the and Blaine Harbor, encour- this 6 7 II Tl1e Port t cannot be traced with any The origins of the great certainty o Ports have existed for ce.nturi<=:s, but the American port authority concept is modern, traceable to the Port of London authority in 1909. idea may also be seen in the The port Mersey Docks and Harbours Board at Liverpool in 1858, in 19th French administration, the 16th medieval Genoa and word Venice~ cen~ Hanseatic League ancient and Alexandria, The ort" means gateway in Latin and a working definition of port provides accommodations for the trans- is, "A place which fer of passengers and/or goods to and f:rom water carriers"" facilities. and usually provides shelter, s have been conceived of as geographical entities A Ports lie community utilities and business enterprises. are usually navigation agencies trade promoters 9 waterfront ers and transportation authorities. adrninistration,in the United not nationaL States~ Hajor interests in a riers, storage agencies, financial institutions national gave rnmen ts, Generally, There are various of port municipal, state, district, but may be identified as ;. l1ar1dlers indus develop~ car~ \tessel service i:ecreation, local state and 3 authorities in the United States 1900 because businessmen that a com:muni after of interests was 8 preferable to ment to ion. lie ow1.1e gress to W'as clue to Also, the the co111Illunities recei move~ of Con~ Fede.ral aid i.n harbor and lie t-:·2r1nina~ls, World War I left a go"'vernment ag,en.cies and 21_n a~.,1arer1e.s·3 of the Non2theless, ing world markets. port~ s role in connect~· c en 01' new in the United States; the modern find an_ ancestor in_ tf1e can.al an.cl t p ects of the e 19th The public go-;_rern1nen t ~ There are several r: • c utilities~ credit transit authorities, llC in 20th is a s C)f lie authorities are the Tennessee Broadcas tern and Inland speci~ British Corporation lie A authority may be defined as responsible for its services to 1 their elected representatives free from political pressures and routine b1Lreaucratic restrictions :in order that i t may bring the best tech- ing or to the on of self-support!::: ects~J .Another defin.ition of a pcr-t .autb.or.i 1.S this: b lished es tab= i:o act a child with respect to a defined area of responsibili of government, the port au is a business enter- It engages in business to 1n 9 world trade, utilize limited waterfront areas, resolve the problems sive capital of led to the ment return and endure the '11 6 tion of the established in 1921 The Port of New York pact between the New York and New Jersey sidered to be the pro time in invest- tures a com- is often con- of /,merican port commissions, This authority was established to bring order out of chaos as World War I traffic revealed the failure of private interests, ever, a number of limited po:ct agencies had aln~ady San Francisco 1862~ New York How~- been established: 1871; New Orleans, 1896; 1885. The Canadians established their National Harbours Board in 1911, The Puget Sound region also ities after 1900. interest in author~ 7 The Seattle Port Commission New York-New Jersey authority, in 1911 earlier than the Influential citizens and private associations had campaigned to secure state legislation allowing dis tric te, to be formed on other ports linesc Along with persons in rn,any people in Seattle were worried about railroads ling the waterfront and transportation rates, the Alaska gold rush in 1897 The timber industry rail m1d sea c:onnections made Northern and others,, the growing trade with G'reat and abo\re all of the Panama Canal,, stimulated Seattle to begin a the agency, few control~ Other years, 8 The Port of Be carne into existerjlee in 1920 to attract 10 t Sound ·pore of quence t:o form under the 1911 law, chain reaction to other several ancl authori ) rnos eon_se~ Hu-:::h of the that Wt~atcoru al acted groups uromoted the idea of of the :i_]1iti.ati\te a1ne frori1 ·che ures Chamber of Commerce, licized the to the issl1e on the. 1:1'allot and C01lfl Ineofar as the records disclose, there was no fear of '?ate along the waterfront and fought to the harbor under rnen \·Jan ted a in t1ne progressi·ve reforrners control,. business~ commission to stimulate an econom:y that had been lagging since the end of world War I, to establish also t railroad rates that were a terminal and fight timber prices up •JJhile The reasor1s 3 then..% vJere eco11omic)\ based on .s need to bolster i s fort.unes., The port c.ornmission idea had b,sen proposed. before 1919 that year,, the Chamber of Cm:mner(:e lication, The Show Window. a rationale in their who st:ress,ed the trade possibilities of The Secre s blessed the D tD..e dis_,, of a fune:tion.s of th.e corr1rni.ssion. are f a conm.1.is. sic.11 trict,serves in the corporation., ,, 1l Tl~~e EO t:t1ose in Rob,2rt Dollar of the Dollar lines the Pacific rim. ~ i11 11 to th.osE: wl10 elect 11~ The chairber ted i.r1cre ase its raae ana 1 a port ·bad corn1nissic~n at -1 bond issues for nort were submJ.tt also for each 1000 a.bout t ii1heri ir1 port tons of a~n additiorL8.l boor1 to ci busin~:::::Sses,, '} Ne_·\,.7 Yorl< bttsi-ne.ss had 1nade offers of trade if facilities were developed and New York ven assurances that had fiTTUS of ca]L to ' Sound ports, was the chamber's tnem~e ~ 11 t to th.e Gharnber of Co-rrrmerce e-r&ded its tion, after it was Blaine Harbor be added co the that the su:r1uner cf Har- 1920, the chamber bor bond issues a.nd 1:elated how Astod.a had prospered since the 1913 tion of its cornrnissior1 .. ci s tar1ds alone as tl1e the Pacific Coast f prete11sio-n on without a would thrive or falter was now up to !A -1? difference,~- or question pay for the pore was whether it would itself~ Cert.si~ir1 12 of the port's financial success, the chamber affirmed that it would not be a burden on the county. In September, 1920, the voters passed the measure by a 77 percent margin, 7944 to 2300. The Belling- ham Herald proclaimed the result as "the most stupendous victory for any project ever launched in Whatcom County." 13 The port commission met on September 25, 1920, with H. B. Paige elected chairman, W. E. Terrill and E. B. Smith, connnissioners. They established a budget of $57,000 for salaries of employees and office rental. Going to the voters, they requested a tax levy as they had no means of raising the revenue from operations. Contrary to the Port of New York authority, which by law had to be selfsupporting, and contrary to the claims of the Chamber of Connnerce, the Port of Bellingham began with indebtedness. It was started be- cause the law allowed the use of taxation for enterprise, based on the assessed valuation of the county. 14 The powers of the port commission are derived from the 1911 law which has been amended periodically. Sweeping powers for the limited purpose of port development are given to port districts. The Federal government has jurisdiction over navigable waters. The State of Washington has title to the beds and shores of navigable waters. Harbor lines between Federal and local jurisdictions are marked on charts of Bellingham Bay. The state will lease property . . . 15 f or not more t h an 30 years at a time to private interests. The powers of a port district in Washington are those of a municipal corporation. A port can purchase or acquire by condemnation 13 , prope land, p s; leases :r easen1ents nec.e,ssary to its It can tE1x preperty ,, and its prope an.(A' It c.an c:ann.ot be tc:._x.ed." c.t as,se 3SDlen ts and on prope sell these facilities sea walls Ji recreational facilities'} docics 7 warehouses, elevators, cold storage canals, b ~ ferries dust rial ai A por , scheme of deve ts;. taI1k.s} b-ur:ii(ers.];. facilitiesj iri-... .law_}) mus ive ,e:stablisl"t a It must take a:n.d secure pro~ posals to the voters before lar of assessed valuation in the rovement districts domain~ A or industrial deve car1 establish local dis ricts within its Ports can borrow money and issue general ob bcvnds'j payable out of ta:c"hes based on .troin crne=quarter to three-quarters of one c:ou:n P:,. port car1 issue r-·ev·,2r1ue bortds from a particular project or ;;~ayable out of th_2 ir1corne revet1l1es"' ice these broad powsrs, there are ied t rols or1 Materials have to he lowest con1per:ent bid niust be Strict state .audi acce·pt·ed~ Ports can st1e ar:i.d be sued"' procedt1res are of Natural ttesou:r.r::ei3 cooperate. .leas.2s re.c:ords arid rnee tion in the law forbids conflicts of interests. is t11e t-reasure:r.:v f Po see= The 14 regular intervals. requirements to 1 for an array of government and The port normally deals vate agencies. and the Legislature. are tlice Bureau of Municipal state Corporations, of Natural Resources o:r: commissioners and city government The focus on land use, sanitation, fire ities, with Federal ports have to Furthermore and police protection and util-- The Shoreline Management Act of 1971 requires port officials and state before carrying to secure approval from the out a construction project, Federal agencies with an interest in ports are Congress, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Customs Service, Public Health Service Coast Guard, Department of Immigration,, Board of Plant Quarantine, Federal Maritime Administration, state Commerce Commission, Federal Aviation Agency. Inter~ The Federal gov~ ernment pays attention to ports for reasons of national security and international trade, in addition to lobbies. A.mong local Council of Governments, the Whatcom agencies are the Whatcom Cou:n.ty Development Council, and the Chamber of Commerce .. The dairy and poultry associations also maintain contact ·with the porL The Washington Public Ports Association is the professional tion for the state 1 s 18 o:rganiza~ ~i ~ I ~ !' };- •', ii i PIERS AND WHARVES NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 / :/ B £ L L I N G H A M B A y 1 = / ·, ,,'\'., " ),- .';'.(_",~,\ .> . . th.~ - ,/ '~" > ' d" ,_.,v 'fl~ .;-""~::< . ' SOUTH Of WHATCOM CREEK W"TERWAY lfLLINGHAM Cl<NNING CO. PACIFIC AMERICAN FISHERIES PUGET SOUND SAW MILLS & SHINGLE CO. BELLINGHAM WAREHOUSE CO. E. IC. WOOD LUMBER CO. BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER CO. SEHOME DOCK 15 16 WHATCOM CREEi( WATERWAY MUNICIPAL DOCK MORRISON Mill CO. QUACKENBUSH DOCI( CITIZENS DOCK CAINE ·GRIM0SHAW CO. WHIDBEY ISL"ND SAND & GRAVEL CO. lliLLINGHAM MARINE W"YS & BOAT BUILDING C(). BELLINGHAM TUG & BARGE CO. STANDARD Oil CO. 17 NORTH OF WHATCOM CREEK WATERWAY OLYMPIC POULAND CEMENT CO. 9 10 11 12 13 14 I \ ,/ LEGEND ~ /.&I MAR!i'<lf'. l'tAIL"*'T llUPll'ICR 011. PLANT (!] avtftS.~5 Pit.Pl ~~TW15£Pl!:R A • ::i: CAA f"LO-"T '"'106E STOAAGC IAY'.RE:HOU!>E R"A!LWAY PI0.55CNGER Ti:;l'IJo11NAL . . LIJM6CR l"L ANT ~ Bulll~Of COAL PLAi'iT ® 5..., P "'E"f'AlR PLANT ' flCWll:> OF EHG'"O:R:S R:)RAWEA$...,~ PORT F"ACILITIES AT BELLINGHAM. WASH. -- OU.L< _. Qj\'"cu:::._ ~Sb:;_ ... 16 1 7! III c.s.l th:rcee Stx-est 2 These areas were marked far future Between 1904 and 1910 in ualic_:urn Creelz.., b and piers." local auth.o:riti22 and the dredged Wh$tcom Creek Waterway the head or the waterway fo:r ~ and filled much of the al'.'ea around rs The street~ t; had s authority to con.sequent local interests lobbied with for s and t-b_e ec:ts an.d on of ft1rlds" or In. 1920, activity on among the the P2.c:Lf:Le _L\.rn.ertearr Fisheri:2:::1, Bloedel Don.o= Portland Cement van Lurnber 1Ylills ~ an.y) E.. 1(., ·wood 11ills )_ 19 and Puget Sound Sawmills and In 1921, the harbor coro1nission Slack. t.rade. forced t-~1e cornrnission. to for . ' a ce.a year. of th :ree ticr.i ts or areas on Be and oDe at Bla.in_e., Unit I was around T This was dcne af t2 Waterway and III rs an.d railr·0ad the promised that the ·Jf property on tfre bay would not irilillediEt 0 I-le ·~nanagers;, con- ~t 18 December 2, 1922, by a vote of 3,966 to 1072. 20 The passage of the comprehensive plan was not accompanied by any bond issue or property acquisition. However, the port did build a ferry landing in 1923 and began to procure pieces of property on the waterfront. Then, in November, 1924, the commission purchased for $89,280, the Municipal Dock which had been built by the city in 1918 on Whatcom Creek Waterway. This was to be paid partially from the general operating fund, mostly by assuming the city's bonded indebtedness and issuing general obligation bonds, payable from a tax levy. Then followed extension of the dock, a new warehouse and further dredging of Whatcom Creek Waterway. 21 The port connnission claimed in 1926 that San Francisco was the only other port on the coast that did not tax for operating expenses. This is not borne out by the evidence: in most years, in- come and revenue did not even cover operating expenses, much less capital improvements. Without tax support, the port would have . d • 22 d1e In 1926, the port adopted, and the voters approved, a plan to purchase land, build wharves,and dredge the Squalicum Creek area. The sum of $250,000 for property acquisition was to be paid by 30year general obligation bonds at five percent interest, based on a tax levy. The Bellingham Terminals Syndicate and Bellingham Bay Im- provement Company had dredged part of the Squalicum Creek Waterway and started a fill of 22 acres, urging the port to take control. port acceded, and by 1931, had built a breakwater, marine ways, a The 19 O" tL Hunn boats, ''"ebhouse and moor'3.ge for facilitated the operation, In 1933~~34, t its front materials r1 cate ~ _, with t.he 2d·irar1 uali deepened the water around the port engineer, The fill and built a break- t11e COB t:S 0 f the Federal emergency of the mediately, In November of 1936., a se,rere storm the port and the Emergency Relief t11e jet , so A·::hrrin1st:~<C•tion mc,re work for men in the In 1935 the port con1rn.issioI1 apprci'\ted th2 constr11c:Lion of a small boac harbor at Blaine for In 1936, u~,e joined this project with a proposal for th and small boat ~ fill to floats in Whatcom Creek Wate:o.."way, and a :road fro,n the Marietta road. begar1 \Jheu. voters approved t $75~000 or SOLith wo-ri:h of land acquisition and struction for a small boat harbor irt the co'tJe later Boatbuilders. The port also allowed a west side in the inte:rwar years,, so rorerty Bel cor1~ United oc::u~ied beacb. at Ctlffi wS as it did not interfere with the commission s stated fosus on industrial and facilities,~ 25 tirne con1~ ter approval for a bond issue of ,000 to be used in a cold "' the small ooat ha ualicurn coopera ioa with Talbot L~--)t: ! OV·2 20 $1.8 million had been invested in four separate ects on the cold the , financed with revenue bonds and paid for storage In 194 7 ,, the commission continued chase of the Bloedel DonovE;n ud.11 site fo closed do1im its bay Later prepare the site for industrial leases. ral ous proposals into a ci $75,000 as that conrpany to fill and the also coalesced vari- The an to expand Squalicmn boat harbor, with more floats, webhouses, and breakwater" $100,000 the expended citizens 000 and the Federal contributed , 500 000, The city spent Representatives of the fleet and the committee of the Chamber of Commerce, headed by Conrad i Barker, John Pierce John Westford 0 D., K, Ireland and G. W, Gannon for the plane gathered s 1958, The proj cect wa.s carried out along with further expansion at Blaine, so that about 500 boats could be moored at Squalicum and 400 at Blaine. 27 The Bellingham Yacht Club and at Yacht Club relocated the consolidation of pleasure boats. C:Uffi;:i out of the Fairhaven and New Whatcom Yacht clubs of the 1890 1 ,3 the Yacht ClBb had moved ".lrou.nd over the years from Whatcom Creek, to Chuc:kar1ut club on at in 1962, The O\firr1ers ·~ i\ssociatiot1 1-1ad been at t:h.e Soutri Side~ tr1en rrio·ved to cum Harbor in the . . h that of the baruor,, 28 fifties, Boat 21 In 195 7 th·2 port .assuE~e.d control OI airport F ., Then c.ne port corrrm_ission oe- from the cour1ty for the price of ion i t as a t to ren tex12,nts service to the coun attracted businesses desi space ana this senger service for their per- The port also offered land for industrial sites near che sormel" did not pay for itself. in contrast to mos The ai 29 the other industrial districts of the po In 1962, the port a proposal to raise the district's of deb percent of the assessed valuation. frorn to three 011e 72.8% in favor, ters approved rnillion 'vlorth of bon_d.s to improve and expand its ocean Creek This was part of a master £ira1 ~ sion program a:ruJ. Str3tton) .l~bbett. ~ i·nter~siv-e allowed s and rail sales program both at "t1orrte and abroad shipping and indust:ry. l' in front, filled behind th.e for storage area, built an office \1Jaged an a 11e;.tional re c.Offifn.e I1 de d .spur~ ~':0 an.d a trae The installation of two mobile gantry cranes cker pad conveyor, chemical s tank and rail barge transfer were erected, with connections ta faci Pacific chemical $700 t. the port's furt.her In 1966~ the port n.3rnec1 ,..J. l'~orth Ti2.~cmina.l 1 ._J}_._ 22 the Pacific Arnerican Fisheries assets and facilities as that corpor-· 1 ation ceased operations on was to ensure a connections, tion bonds, i.. The port 1 s purpose here dock on the South Side 8,000 This cost with rail and truck out of general obliga- d Added expenditures followed as new warehouses were built, " resulting in the port 1 s South Te1~mina.L From 1968 to 1970, the 32 finished other tasks, such as a building at Squalicum for office rentals, a small recreation boat launching ramp on the South Side" and The cow.:mission also planned a la:rge development of the area bet'·J•2en I and .J waterway and Squalicum for expanded moorage and a marine park, However, in 1970 ary cutbacks~ s was delayed due to the Federal this plan '1') .)...1 As the port attrE!cted industry with its land and facilities, so it became aware of pollution. studied pollution Beginning in 1962, po.rt officials clauses in leases an.d a.sk.ed put the state for guidelines. in 196 7; Bellingham Bay appeared the State Department of Ecology classified the inner harbor as (fair) and the outer harbor as waters suitable for boating (good). Class C considered the passage of fish, cooling and other selected uses, but not for shellfish reproduction, swimming or wildlife habitati on Classification B s duction, powers; these general recreation and industrial water ~11e re exe rc1s eia the State shellfish reproha,:I no police The c of By 1970, the Port of Bellingham owned about 2000 8.cres of pro-< perty, with 500 available for industrial site Th.is 23 amounted to about one of the waterfront land within th,e city limits of Bellingham, two-thirds of the waterf:ront from Post Point to Colulllbia Cement ti on.al o...,_1er fifty and any property. lity caused this vi years~ 35 The port's credit and o 8 Th_ese di\rersified facilities :stirn.ulated i-ndust:ry 24 25 IV Waterfront Indust17 the y'2ars; the Port of industry and , '""raterfron de cHrgo size of The may be seen in the ' 36 are approximate. decades. typical budgets of the sue Table L 1920 1 s $ 60,000 1950 1 s 1930 s $117 ,000 1960~s 1940 IS ,000 As the $800,000 '\;Ialuation 'has gro;vI1, so the the port increased the years,, tal assets of 37 Table 3 tal Assets 1927 ,671 1951 1936 35 > 610 1970 194L, 1920 1 s and 1930's~ the was around $26 000 per year to retire bonds; in the f0rties this ~2 ~000 in ?Q 1966, ~,u to 26 Table 4 Bonded Indebtedness 1927 1937 279,000 1950 243 000 1968 Generally speaking, with the exception of a few years in the late 1920's and late 1960 1 s, the port operated at a loss, The annual tax levy was used to make up the difference between expendi~ tures and income. The following figures do not include the addi- tional le1ry for bond retirement~ which usually equalled the levy for ' 39 operations. Table 5 Tax Levies 1925 $60,000 1932 50 000 1945 63,606 $110 000 1969 246,754 Part of the port income is derived from renting moorages, land 8.i!.d facilities to private mmers and businessmen, The figures for the number of leases and lease revenue indicate growth, especially in the 1960's, 40 27 Table 6 Number of Leases 1936 15 t; ..l 1970 28 101 Table Incorrre fro-rn Leases 1924 $ 1,200 1936 13,631 1949 58,000 roximate) 1955 2,000 1965 186,987 These figures do not include moorage collected: moorage fees yielded /.;.? Blaine Harbor,,,_ 7 000. ~ e.g., in 1965, ';I Table 8 Number of Fishing and Pl.es.sure Boats 1920 1 s 125 (app 19 30' 8 200 1949 302 1970 697 The income from leases gene " 251 4l-t.6 pleasure equalled income from until the 1950's,, when it increased over re In the late 1960;s, rents and became more equal" In addition to It a landlord, the \1<1.:as also a goods arid ser"'Iices from scores of local "busin_es.se.s ~ such. 28 as Morse Hardware, Croy Construction Lumber Co,, Oeser Ireland and Bellingar Insurance, Columbia Cedar, Bellingham Builders and , Diehl Ford, Stat Sound Po\.Jer and t The port leases of space and facili tiee to waterfront busi~ nesses were very attractive for access, utilities and taxation. Some of on the waterfront years would be, for the 1920's, the Marine and Boat Building Company; in the 1930's, Bellingham Furniture Manufacturers (employing 170 Hopkins E. lL a project for which port manager labored long; Talbot '1 s Bellingha:m Iron Works and during World War II; 1950's, Uniflite Boatbuilders, which in 1971 employed 460 persons and held a fiberglass boatbuilders. foods and Mt, Baker position among the nation's Welde raft St.eel & 1-1.arine Boi.ustein 1 s sea~ • a cooperative, were other, businesses started in the 19Lf0 1 s and 1950 1 s, 3 from the state and were not on Other companies leased dire port property, although they dealt from time to i:ime with the Portland Cement started on the bay in 1913 tinuously, but not on port property, Bellingham Tug and Barge orig~ inating in 1912, had its own property, but leased log boom areas from 1926:e cwan the port. iil a.il.d Timber in 1929 Georgia~Pacific from the state, leased ~tan became. t Sound in 1963, leased land dire boom areas fron1 tl-1e port end shi both its own and port docks, o'ilm prope ~- J Alaska Packers at Blaine owned their as did the Pacific ,l\.IDe:ric:an Fisheries and Bloedel 29 Donovan in Bellingham t Sound of the old Citizens Dock a.t the head of on port property. out Creek Waterway, not ~Jb,:ttcom 44 The port did not consider itself in th.ere were except.ions~, conYy•~tition wi because this On the other hand it did not sell gasoline., products. business For exarnple 7 t!:-1e port op·::: rated its own pile driver and maintenance cheaper, Lines t At times the port commission or other conflicting claims settlt~d to property, such as the desire of Weldcraft in 1972 to change hands, expand and modernize its on a parcel of property which Bellingham Cold Storage wanted to use for more commission decided in favor of Weldcraft. need for boat repair facilities, The p due to the increa.s A more typical i"Cistance was the port use of its assets in the 1930 1 s to build an elevator and storage facility for the County Poultry Association, at their rental request, vdth costs returned In 1950 left by the fishermen. at to fill the. gap timber industry when he s t:o at ract more Isler had actively searched for more on both counts met coun Isler manager partial success. econorn.y 1;.1as in a s as well, but In the late fifties the re.cl to and the capitalizatioci trace new industry was so great that assets to f1elp OJ The port corrrrrrissioit then sold it to a cornbin.atior1 of alu.mirn1m the port what it hcid t Point land at ~ompanies 51 ~,-.;hieh for the land, $142 1 500. d the at~- 30 mid-sixties, Intalco Aluminum any ivas btJ.i1 to and aluminum to wor1d mark 2ts, 0 it would taxes it would pay and the conditions and attitudes had Intalco suffered a rary world altn11i!lurn prices ar1cl because of mulci-million dollar in a control progra..rn<) The port used its in othe busine2s matters In 1960-62, when it was decided that the old Bloedel as well Donovan offic.e and sit·2 for terrn.ina.l purpos,2s) they ivere sold to· Fran_k Brooke 11anuf International Cross Arm and T1:1e port corDraiss:Lon also to on rates for rents, fo1 pulp of tl~~e usted ression of the 1930's and several ad- ju.strnents were rnade with tio-ns O\rer in the done to ftis Creek in the 1930's. The joir1ed \>lith fir-Tns ir1 prates rate to, the state, and Fede a.l gcive.rn.TGer1ts, . suc.b as t:1-1ose :r The C;::iuncil, Traffic and Rates Bureau and Whatcom Insurance 1 such as Sorenson-Garrett, influenced the port out fuatsprinkler systems in warehouses fer fire prevention • the port acted from time to tirn-e. to assist firrns need«cd on the ba.y s- suer. as rooa__i for the: the .any- 'tiec.ause: for u--ic.ri ne in 6.7 1' \Ala,:::: 31 The port is divided into industrial development districts for purposes of accounting, physical planning and financing. late 1950's, these industrial districts were designated: In the (1) Air- port, (2) Loggie Fill (I and J Waterway), (3) Bloedel Donovan site, (4) Blaine, (5) Squalicum, (6) Port Dock, (7) South Side. In the 1920's and 1930's, port revenues came from a few land rentals, some moorage and the Municipal Dock. In the 1950's and 1960's, rent receipts rose steadily at Squalicum and the South Side. Virtually all of the districts returned profits, with the exception of the airport. In 1948, it was estimated that rents would yield $47,419 and the Municipal Dock, $41,450. By 1963, the income picture ap- peared as in Table 9. 48 Table 9 Profit and Loss from Industrial Development Districts, 1963 Operating Income Operating Expenses Maintenance & Repair Net Income (loss) ($40,699.56) Airport $ 6,063.55 $17,885.01 $5,014.33 Loggie 25,662.99 1,060.78 3,474.15 966. 00 967. 81 2.00 13,232.90 9,916.54 8,304.00 Squalicum 147,833.20 40,653.75 11,767.71 18,210.00 Port Dock 202,384.20 115,443.84 25,517.51 12,309.14 South Side 15,456.00 2,912.81 4,796.59 Bloedel-Donovan Site Blaine 5,246.62 ( 3.81) ( 45,497.21) ( 12,467.40) (includes depreciation) 32 In 1970, Squalicum alone returned a net profit of $204,457,03~ North Terminal, $439,730, the South Terminal, $61,678.64, the However, 19 70 marked a peak tonnage year for the port; 19 71 and 19 72 showed decreases in terminal revenues with remaining more con~ stant in revenue. Table 10 North Terminal Charges for 1970 Dockage Wharf age Load and Unload Handling $ 41~768,99 168, 639' 89 39,52L 75 326 891. 70 Storage Thus the business of the port in land rentals rose steadily over the fifty-year period and often stood as a more reliable source of in-· 49 ' come f.or reinvestment and- p 1 ant deve'1 opment t b_an sr,ipping, 34 LIST OF PIERS, WHARVES, AND DOCKS AT BELLINGHAM, WASH., 1930 Reference Number on the Ma 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Name of terminal Bellingham Canning Co. Pier Pacific American Fisheries Pier Pacific American Fisheries Wharf Pacific American Fisheries Pier Puget Sound Saw Mills & Shingle Co. Wharf Gilmore Oil Co. (Ltd.) Dock Texas Co. Dock Bellingham Warehouse Co. Wharf Bloedel Donovan Lumber Co. Pier Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Ry. Car Port of Bellingham Dock Morrison Mill Co. Dock Quackenbush Dock Citizens' Dock Bellingham Builders Supply Co. Wharf Bellingham Builders Supply Co. Wharf Standard Oil Co. Wharf Richfield Oil Co. Wharf Bellingham Marine Ways & Shipbuilding Co. Dock Clift Motor Co. Wharf Olympic Portland Cement Co. Wharf Ferry Slip B £ L L I N G A H M B A y "\ I ' ~ ',,~,.',, ..>. ',,~~ ',,,~··, ',"~> ',.. .,,,:;:;_,,, ·<t} ""... .·. '~ '-. ;lf(~ .. . - 1\..-n:t . ... •~r·:~ / - ~ I~{ . . . :r ,"f,_- •· __.: < ·~~ 5 ~ ' t; ~ ~., i " ST ~ '~ ~ ~! :L ~ :;:,;·: ,, -·---y 0.-IT ...1'1 ~ I 'T. ~ / iI, LEGEND ~ fill £ mil """''"" ............ BUNACR OIL CUSTOM- ... PE-=t-flMKNGCR&dHICULMll SA•. GRAVEL, STOIC """"'"""""""" lr UILWA't' fi'AIS£NGCR STAT'" NS .. LUMltU MAHDLING 0 ® r1sH MC.KING PLANTS ...-.1111N1: Rl'.AAIR Pl.ANTS l'lil~w... l!l Ur.t't ~ Tt...INALS S -RC°"'- BOARD OF ENGINEERS FOR RIVERS AND HARBORS PORT FACILITIES AT BELLINGHAM.WASH. S00 SV8WITTCO: SCALi. !000 1'>00 ·;rt,~~ CHICF" STATISrtCIAN DATA BY. V:I-. DRAWN lh' .!~ "" 2-00Q F([T APPROVED· L :UJt>vLo r/.-~..CORPS Of'}'c;.1NCC~S.U.S.A. ~;.c,..'1'.,t:-~~,,,__ .. _- v'o1RECToA.BuAEAV or Qf'ERATIONS. U.5.5H!PPINC:. &OARD 36 37 v Shipping The tonnage of the port increased from 1920 to 1970, while the tonnage of the bay remained roughly constant. Between the wars, Bloedel Donovan Lumber Mills and Pacific American Fisheries were among the largest operations of their kind in the world. As the timber, fishing and passenger industries declined due to exhaustion of resources or increased competition, newer enterprises rose, such as Bellingham Cold Storage and Intalco, through the aegis of the port. The following tables indicate bay and port tonnages during the fifty-year period, with state, national and international seaport tonnages for purposes of comparison. 38 Table 11 50 Waterborne Shipping, Total Tons Bellingham Bay and Port (Short Tons) Bay Port II Ships Bay Port Blaine Bay Value 1,107 1897 43, 131 1902 87' 118 1910 358,204 1915 531,971 1920 534,131 1925 1,498,371 1928 2,327,942 1930 1,837,167 1932 629,187 1937 995,907 1941 1,558,147 35,701 1,119 1946 683,244 16,552 1,170 1950 1,207,652 14,318 36 1954 1,600 ,5 77 38,038 43 1960 1,708,876 35,919 1965 1,881,085 189,990 1970 1,892,374 506,179 11,640(1924) 696 16,667 42 million 43,419 36 million 2,886 60, 983 $12 million 1,620 97 5,505 30 million 57,527(1936) 4,957 8,852 28 65 9,050 (1969) 264 11,656 91 million 1 Table l Waterborne Anacortes ing, State of t tons) Port ~ ~el~s Grays Harbor 1920 809' l168 332,804 176,433 636,5 1 1930 3,595.789 1,322,L126 602,334. 3 '9 34 875 1940 ,183,180 1.325,100 1,665,898 1950 3,230,355 1960 3 222,402 7,710 329 1,058,462 1,984,594 19?0 ,749 939 ,l58 223 1,844,524 ,679,350 Longview Vancouver Wa T 2,497,050 11,633,7 <. 1948 3,366,513 1,700,000 2,709,614 Seattle 5 226,569 13,129,887 9319, 712 1948 1,335,693 11, Lf00, 000 1,770,061 2,97 ,2ao 2,oos. 83 5 324, 13,391,467 3,5 2, 8,602,828 15,247,524 ,467 5,884,032 867 (v,0 \.!) 40 Table 13 52 Waterborne Shipping, Selected U. S. Ports, and Vancouver, B. C. Total Tonnage (short tons) 1929 Portland, Oregon Boston 1948 10,600,000 1960 13,549,332 17,266,162 New York 1970 15,490,354 26,867,918 169,393,436 135,000,000 174,008,108 New Orleans 16,248,192 28,500,000 123,674,208 Houston 12,981,113 38,900,000 64,654,263 Los Angeles 25,696,430 12,600,000 22,494,622 23,075,160 San Francisco 13,651,000 5,100,000 4,366,345 3,739,008 Chicago 17,808,925 Vancouver, B. C. 1,554,562+ 8,026,839** * 1950 ** 1930 + 1921 48,254,387 10,056,953* 12,380,431 27,158,913 41 Table 14 53 World Ports, Total Tonnage (Metric Tons) 1970 Bremen/Bremerhaven 23, 393, 952 Hamburg 46,958,921 Antwerp 78,132,528 Bilbao 12,361,000 Le Havre 57,990,488 Marseilles 74,072, 712 Piraeus 9,282,436 Genoa 54,608,726 Narvik 18,942, 798 Rotterdam 225,790,000 Lisbon 9 ,689, 779 London 59,470,000 Liverpool 26,795,000 Goteborg 23,562,645 Buenos Aires 26,933,392 Tripoli 23,518,000 Durban 29,235,379 Casablanca 13,394,546 Kawasaki 91,750,252 Nagoya 68,146,747 Singapore 42,200,000 Sydney 16,919,390 long tons II II long tons II II From 1920 to 1970, the bay ranked from fj_fth to eighth in volume and value of tonnage among State of Washington the 1960's~ private industry conducted from 75 to 90 percent of the However, in 1970 bay cent, Until The the is share neared per~ in the 1960's because of percentage rose st the major program adopted at that time, Bellingham became more di-, versified in its cargoes than many the:t state ports of similar size that relied mostly on timbe:L Seattle and Portland grew about the same amount in relation to each other and Starting late~ Vancotrver, B!JC . becarne t11e American West Coast, In 1970 ·::m the North t Rotterdam and New York were the largof North est ports in the world, revealing the . 54 Atlantic ports to world trade. I::1 the 1920 s, Bellingham Bay contained logs and timber, wood products, paper, coal, fish, condensed milk,, cement, petroleum products, sand and gravel. percent of the exports Logs and lumber coal and logs constituted 99 percent of the of the total domestic imports and fish amounted to 27.5 receipts. c" There were twenty-five types of cargo carried.~J In the 1930's, there were of cargo, with the still upon forest in order from Pacific Canadian and wood :;, logs and 1mnber ~ logs an.d lumber, going most fie ts. Of t'he coal, coke, exports~ 72'"' 8 p,2reent ~Iere to from Galveston (57.6 percent), with jron, steel 43 and manufactures next. Outbound intercoastal shipments consisted principally (91%) of logs and lumber, chiefly to New York, Boston and Baltimore. Canned salmon went mostly to Philadelphia and New York, paper stock and manufactures to New York and Boston. Canned fruits, vegetables, animal and dairy products made up the balance of the commodities of local and intercoastal outbound traffic. 56 Shipping during World War II saw the added dimension of lendlease through the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Commodity Credit Corporation. Canned and cured meat, lard, tallow, other items proceeded to Russia from Bellingham. j~eps, steel and In 1945, of the 18 vessels calling at the Municipal Dock, ten were Soviet. After the war, Navy contract shipbuilding of tugs and minesweepers ended and general shipping dwindled. 57 During the 1950's, 88 percent of the waterborne foreign commerce consisted of logs, lumber and other wood products imported from Pacific Canada. Pacific Canada was also the leading receiver of Bellingham's exports of woodpulp and logs. Noncontiguous trade was composed almost entirely of commodities moving to and from Alaska. Canned fish accounted for over 99 percent of receipts, ship- ments to Alaska were mainly cement, logs, lumber, piling and steel manufactures. Intercoastal trade consisted of woodpulp and canned goods to the Atlantic Coast, with sulphur received from the Gulf of Mexico. Coastwise trade was negligible. Local trade amounted to more than half of the port's entire waterborne commerce: inbound logs, petroleum, fish; outbound sand and gravel, fish, logs. Over 44 Table 15 1967~1971 Cargo Comparisons (whole short tons) Cargo 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 31,240 35,584 86 '." 038 102 329 15;228 7 212 9,496 7' 898 9,300 16,325 56' 102 62,701 82,942 73 919 68 20L: 555 495 2,338 13,987 17 9 213 24°,078 730 10 515 6~332 6 '484 6,573 1,200 742 1,473 1,018 121,843 81,524 136,346 156 297 82, 70Lr Lumber 5,022 3,302 2, 112 975 256 tttilk 1,620 1,063 1, 4°16 1, 5 79 '~ * 1, 790 6,236 31 900 Aluminum Aluminum Fluoride, Cryolite, Carbon Blocks Chemicals Fertilizer Fish General Cargo Hides Logs & Piling Mobile Equipment Pape :r Products & Pulp Prod~ Salt Vegetables & Fruits Total '594 670 518 3, 729 1,192 79 25,318 38, 872 38,257 18,096 61,518 80,597 97,554 87,892 90 703 627 1,064 1,863 1,600 28 441 483 > %0 506,179 297,1'.;65 84,278 105:;695 91;526 78~358 333,472 Of above totals, barge work acc:ounts for; 51,178 328 ofc included with general cargo *";;~ .!'.: inclusion of 12 133 tons carbon blocks Otlt f> 45 90 pe:rc:ent of the bay's tonnage was still forest proch1c.ts,, 58 In the 1960's, cargo became mo:re diversified, with about 67 types. Of port cargoes, logs led with 30 . 9 percent,, aluminum 22 roducts and fruit" vegetables, fertilizers, carbon blocks ide, c .;;bout percent of the traffic, Intalco, 19.5 percenc. an, aluminum to Northwestern Europe, chemicals to Califo:rni:::t and Alaska~., In the twenties, there were 114 lines call in Puget So-c1nd~ in the 1960~· 59 and dome.s tic, s, about lines call:0:d at thirteen were intercoastal and coastwise. Admiral, Dollar these lines ~"Jere , Pacific Ptlnerican Grace, Matson, Alaska Pacific In 1970 5 t:ation sorae 15 lin.es called at ref le otatnrJrnbered th12 decline of the A.rrierican merchant Han2eati c~Vasa ~ Yarnashi t a·-·Sl~tinr1ihon marine~ ap Destinations and connnoditie:3 of frorn 192 to 19 Private business on the 60 Grace.:; 46 exported more than it imported in the twenties and thirties, reversed this after 1940. The port exported more than it imported. Table 16 Bellingham Bay Shipping, Local, Coastal, Fore rt tons) Internal Local Coastal receipts shipments receipts shipments 952,571 1927 871,091 (total) 834,496 (total) 1950 753 822 (total) 68,L:64 (total) 1960 264,717 325,829 266 639 1970 430,650 229,543 270, 109 fifty~year imports 26,179 exports 125, 109 tot 131,580 total) 732, 4-30 1930 Over the Foreign 99,355 (total) 269,657 (total) 1920 & Intercoastal 326,097 (total) 6 2, 615 678 516 84,301 140,048 423,205 358,427 period, foreign trade increased in tance compared to coastal and intercoastal. Local trade held constant mai Foreign trade rose be- because of fishing and cold storageo cause of Georgia Pacific"s importation of chips from Canada, Intalco s imports of alumina from Australia and exports of aluminum all over the world. The Mobil and Atlantic Richfield refineries replaced lumber in foreign, coastal and intercoastal traffic in the late 1960 1 s and early 19 70 1 s but their tonnages do not show in Table 16" Table 22. They are showT1 in Between the world wars, coastal and intercoastal ranked high because it was economical to move timber and other products by sail and steamer, 0 and . moved economi 61 In the 1960's, logs, on water, roleum, sand 47 In the earlier years, steamers and schooners lined the docks at Pacific American Fisheries, E. K. Wood, Bloedel Donovan, Morrison, Puget Sound Saw Mills and other companies. Captain Matt Peasley of Vigilant and Captain Burmeister of Connnodore became famous for their friendly rivalry. In 1925, Pacific American Fisheries had 54 calls, Bloedel Donovan 111, and Olympic Portland Cement, 103. In 1927, the Puget Sound Navigation Company's steamers Kulshan, Potlatch and Comanche, made 387 calls, carrying dairy products, eggs, box shooks (wooden boxes), fish, grain, peas, flour, fruit, and 52,853 passengers. The ferry, City of Los Angeles, made 161 trips, carrying 15,713 passengers and 4,638 automobiles. 62 In 1923, the major foreign destinations of Bellingham forest products were, in order: Japan, South America, Australia, Cuba and West Indies, China, Northern Europe. Yet triple this amount went to California, Hawaii and the Atlantic Coast. In 1924, bay firms shipped 184,658, 927 feet board measure of timber, 69,126,000 bundles of shingles, 40,213,460 bundles of laths. Bloedel Donovan shipped 139 million board feet of lumber to domestic markets, 40,464 to foreign (lumber, box shooks, shingles, lath, sash, doors). During its history, 1898-1947, Bloedel Donovan manufactured close to six billion feet of lumber. 63 Pacific American Fisheries, operating from 1899 to 1966, shipped three times as much to domestic markets as foreign. In 1925, Pacific American Fisheries shipped a total of 88,720 tons by water, piling, wood, fuel, general cargo, mostly in their own fleet of ships. 48 The salmon pack of Bellingham canneries for that year was as follows: Pacific American Fisheries 11,922 Astoria and Puget Sound Canning 61,592 Bellingham Canning Company 69,107 242,621 cases or 5,823 short tons Eight thousand three hundred and eighteen tons of raw salmon were . d • 64 receive In 1925, the Muni Dock handled 21,546 tons out, 21,873 in. Outbound goods were powdered milk, canned milk, canned fruit, canned salmon, canned vegetables, scrap iron, box shook, cross arms, shingles, general merchandise, and lumber. Tonnage inward consisted of canned goods, sugar, salt, general merchandise, box shook and canned salmon. The Municipal Dock often shipped items on deepwater vessels for companies whose own busy docks were full. 65 United States steamship lines conveyed most of the coastal and intercoastal trade because the Jones Act required such shipments in American hulls, but foreign trade in 1920-29 saw the American flag as well, different from the 1960's, when foreign bottoms carried most of the cargoes. Of the foreign ensigns in earlier years, the British and Canadian were most numerous. In 1933, of 641 deepwater vessels calling, 608 were American and 33 foreign. From 1960 to 1970, Japanese, Scandinavian, Italian, Greek, and Panama-Liberia-Honduras fl ags prevai·1e d . 66 There also used to be significant passenger traffic on the 49 ferries and steamers that shuttled to and from Seattle and among the San Juan Islands. In 1926, for example, some 75,000 passengers ond 638 automobiles were carried S, 825 cars,, in 19 30, 82, 000 passengers and The Quackenbush dock handled 1684 tons in, 3307 out in nine vessels, among them ~an .Ju~~" 43,520 Islander, Cleo, passengers, general men::handise and foodstuffs. In 1930, 75 vessels, mostly Admiral and Luckenbach owned, called at the Pacific American Fisheries Docks, 1784 at the Citizens Dock, 78 at the G" F. Ambrose mill and 164 at Bloedel Donovan, and this a depression year, 1937, as the depression lingered, PAF had 500 calls 144, Quackenbush ~ 71 and the Muni Dock, 262. In Bloedel Donovan Passenger ;:i.nd mail traffic ceased on the bay during 1950, when Charles Countryman terminated Osage's rune to the San Juan Islands. In the 1960 1 s, large vessel 67 traffic revived,. but the lumber schooners and "Hog Island'' freighters of the intenATar years were replaced by modern tankers calling at Cherry Point and Liberty,; Victory and Mariner type freighters at the North and South Terminals. After 1970, the Puget Sound Freight Lines familiar beige,, black and white Indian called no more at the head of Whatcom Creek Waterway, signalling the end of a century of Pu.get Sound 1 s local water transportation for general cargo, tables v.1ill suggest soin.e of the The acti at selected intervals in the fif Blank spaces indicate in Tables 17 nage for that category and ~year period, 18 and 19 that thece 'Was no ton- for table 20. that the company did not 50 (Bellingham Builders), went out of business or had not begun operations. It will also be noted that three companies are in all the tables, 21 ceased operations during the period and 13 began operations. Table 11 68 1924 Company Tonnages Tons Inward Pacific American Fisheries Astoria & Puget Sound Canning Co. Puget Sound Sawmill & Shingle Co. Canadian Pacific Railroad Olympic Portland Cement Co. George V. Nolte Raw Salmon George F. Ambrose Co. Municipal Dock E. K. Wood Lumber Company Whatcom Falls Mill Co. Bloedel Donovan Lumber Mills Morrison Mill Co. C. M. & St. Paul RR Siemons Lumber Co. Quackenbush Dock Standard Oil Co. Caine Grimshaw Company Citizens Dock (PS Nav. Co.) O. H. Seiple Campbell River Logging Co. 37,595 1,420 25,862 1,977 2,528 16,819 5,799 12,409 15,305 71, 508 46,955 64,618 37,447 124,095 6,231 2,015 80, 117 29,342 18,787 3,750 64,560 5,017 49,707 1, 795 10,900 11,979 23,292 64,842 176,475 24,209 220,850 3, 779 2,746 12,174 750 99,000 604,579 Total 772,075 Total Inward 604,579 Total Outward 772,075 Grand Total Tons Outward 1,376,654 tons 51 Table Domestic Coastal In Ambrose Domestic Coastal Out ~1 ..., ii:'.: J....L_,J 1,000 Olympic Portland Cement 7 ,413 7,090 Citizens Dock 9' 850 4,402 139 l $i63L} Quackenbush Dock Standard Oil 20,414 Pac American Fish. 42,242 '6lf9 C,M, & St, Paul RR 55,,l:lO 410550 9,118 39, 627 Municipal Dock Foreign Exports Local 250 9:-; ]_b(8 9 702 1,35 Astoria & P,S.Can. 2,,511 Petroleum Nav, Co. 9 080 P.S.Pulp & Timber 6,290 24,259 192,484 145,320 379,359 306,531 Total Imports 1 923 Wnatcom Falls Mill Co. 24,783 Bloedel Donovan Foreign 14,586 11 689 16, 31Lf 16,197 13,612 56,239 11 309 52 ~";:ibp -'-~ 1~ 70· 19' - 1943 Domestic Coastal In Domestic Coastal Out Fo Imports Local 17,000 i\Jiib rose Bloedel Donovan P.S. Freight Lines Bellingham Builders Supply Olympic Portland Cement Bellinghaxn Warehouse Co~ S art J tt .ari rt Co~" P,S. Pulp & Timber al Dock 1,400 255,818 L\8, 901 50,578 13 '927 3,733 600 4,885 2,160 46,867 425 1,265 159~928 210 7, 7 3L: 9, 691 152 1,765 250 49 831 1 ,., -"'" Bornstein 1,597 Wn. Coop Egg & Poultry 1, 775 Pacific Coast Paper Mills Total 1,400 2,400 2,000 ---- 537,653 101,295 9 984 63 'I" c; L.,_}J 4' 78~< 53 Table 20 71 any Tonnage 1950 1955 1960 57)51,900 Bellingham Builders 1970 200,000 Bellingham Cold S 2,310 3 267 l 6,818 12,097 Bornstein 4,129 6,079 5,,238 5,334 Bellingham Warehouse Co. 57,148 39 773 474,141 C.M.& St.P. R. R. Northwest Fuel 4,403 16,709 Richfield 7,207 9,091 Signal 6,273 2,308 lLf 4 70 8;,317 91,696 83,601 57'15 8 L:.6,178 3,244 11,374 6' 86 7 1,978 19,902 95 663 167,895 73,869 P.S. Freight Lines (Citizens 3,148 29. 611 17' 445 23,076 P.S. Pulp & Timber 278,923 599,192 756,%5 322,454 Standard Texaco c Portland Cement Bumble Bee 780 Dahl Fish 5, 2llr 506,182 Port Total 1,330~929 1,370,038 1,084,008 1,205,479 54 Georgia-Pacific, another mainstay of the bay's economy, distributed bleached sulphite, pulp, alcohol, paperboard, lignin products, tissue products, chlorine, caustic soda, sodium chlorate, sulphuric acid, more to domestic than foreign markets. Raw mater- ials such as logs for pulp, were purchased from company and state/ federal land in Whatcom and Skagit counties and from British Columbia and Idaho. Salt was procured from Bermuda and Mexico. Table 21 72 Georgia Pacific Total Tonnage Tons Shipped into Export Markets 1927 1938 9,222 3,300 tons 1928 13,820 1943 35,123 1930 19,527 1948 18,365 1938 58,552 1950 13,615 1943 169,563 19'.55 23,601 1950 278,923 1960 37,226 1955 579,192 1965 34,805 1960 756,965 1970 60,703 1970 322,454 1971 38,516 The foregoing tables have suggested tonnages for Bellingham port, bay, Blaine and other ports, but they do not reveal the full extent of shipments from water-oriented industries in the county. A large amount of tonnage moved from these industries in trucks and trains. The port participated through leasing property to some of these firms. For example, Bellingham Cold Storage, one of the five 55 largest and most diversified firms of its kind on the Pacific Coast, for 1969. reported the followin.g tonnage frozen and fresh fish~ berries and vegetables boat and truck Cold truck and raiL They received accepted 93 of the total ,500 short tons), 16,696 000 million from boats, and sh it all out on trucks and railroad cars" In 1970, the port received over 27,000 tons of salmon at the South Terminland, and shipped it all out, mos al, 21,000 by water and 7,000 overland. This is as much salmon tonnage as the Pacific American Fisheries used to handle in most seasons with the difference that current tonnage is stored~ not canned, at the South Terminal. port tenants reporting out of Of 13 Li5 questioned, 12 shipped via both land Uniflite, which built 300 boats in 1970, sent most of ana' water. 73 its cruisers out on trucks, sold a few locally, moved others to Puget Sound and west coast harbors under their own power, of their market was on the east coast. About 40 Builders Builders Concrete), not a port property, received sand and gravel on barges, shipped floats on barges and trucks, yet made most of its sa 1 es ' h rea d y-mix . concrete in ' true k s, 74 wiL~ oriented industry more Thus, the tonnage than water~ water"""" borne commerce, Intalco ordered 516,000 tons of alumina in 1970, which cmue in at Point. Mobil Oil 1950 1 s 1 was not connected to the a ant at Ferndale in the at all and products on 56 trucks, tank cars, ocean tankers and through The Intalco imports and the figures in the following table should be added to the port and to cal Table 22 Mobil 5 Tonnage 1956 Sh.ort Ton.s Products Received Pipe Line I1.iarine Total 1,458 509 141j975 1 600,484 Products Shipped Marine Truck Load 1~357?870 73~.281 Total 1,431,151 1964 Products Received Pipe Line l,747~Li59 Marine Total 2 403,975 151~43L~ Products Shipped Truck Load Marine Total 1966 Products Received Pipeline Marine Truck Marine Truck 1,826,774 Gar ank Car 515!>28!~ Total '193 1,283 661 Total 57 The significance of the preceding table and paragraph is that increased in the 196 county 1 s to If the bay tonnage, of bay two were added together the total would be around four and one-half million tons per year, from 1966 to 1970, This is three and one~half corded for the bay, four times those of the t:Lmes the total re"and two and one~ half times any other published figures, The volume and value of Bellingham Bay and Whatcom Coun tonnage have been described in the pages. The port's part has increased in fifty years, both in the county and on the bay. Some businesses have been replaced tinned for most or all of the of continued growth, others, while a few have con- The story is not one , some causes for the periodic creases and the rather static tonnage total of the bay should be mentioned. de~ 58 i_ LIST OF PIERS ReL No, 10 20 2 27 4 30 12 18 8 17 25 19 9 11 -, 6 ') J_.J WH_AJ1VES, AND DOCKS AT BELLINGHAM, WASH. Name of Facility Bellinghan1 Boom Co,,, Rail Log Du.mp Bellingham Builders Co, Wharf C Co. Dock Bellingham Cold Storage Co, Ic:e Dock Corporation Log and Boom Co, Outfit Pier Bayge Co Tn1ck Log Dump $ Tug & _,-1 16 52 Co, Office vlharf Warehouse Co., Pier B Bornstein Seafoods Pier Central Avenue Ci Transient Dock Citizens Dock of Puget Sound Freight Lines Columbia River Packers Association Cannery Dock Dahl's Fish Co. Wharf Jeffers wharf Milwaukee Railroad Carfloat Mobilgas Marine Service Pier Muni al Dock, Port of 22 33 1 I'forth Pacific Frozen Products Co. Fish w'harf Olympic Portland Cement Co, Pier 31 Port of Bellingham Ell Dock Port of Bellingham 29 14 28 5 32 15 26 2t:f 21 7 r, ') L_, Pacific American Fisheries Marine Railway Pier Port of Bellingham Creme Dock Boat Harbor Port of Bellingham Oil Wharf Port of Bellingham South Side Fishet1nen 's Dock ualicum Creek Waten,vay ~Jeb House Pier Port of Bellingham Puget Sound Pulp & Timber Co. T"rharf Squalicum Creek Commercial Fishing Boat Station Squalicum Creek Recreational Craft Marine Station Dock Standard Oil Co. of California Wliarf Texaco "fvlarine Service Pier Wrang Co. Mooring LIST OF STORAGE WAREHOUSES AT BELLINGHIU1, WASH 8 6 7 L, 3 1 5 9 Bellingham Cold Storage Co., Inc, Bellingham Warehouse Co, , Warehouse No, 2 Warehouse Co., Warehouse No. 3 Warehouse Co. Warehouse No. ~· Warehouse Co., Warehm1se No. 7 Bellingham Warehouse Co., Warehouse No. 8 Bel Warehouse Co., Warehouse No, 9 Bellingham Warehouse Co., Warehouse No., 10 Whatcom Coun 's Association Warehouse N G H A M ',, ',,<~~'-,, ·--~~;~·-, '---~~~~--', ', "" u.S.H 1 - • ~T. LEGEND 5 MAllllNE RAILW~'rS I&' CUSTOM HOUSE ® fl. D 0 ~ . llllARlfllt ltf PAIR PLA#T CAA "1..0AT BRIDGE COLD STORAGE WUEHOUlf STORAGE WARCHOUSU PORT FACILITIES AT BELLINGHAM, WASH. }~~·:~~c:o·~;=~~1~~~0·:~~" nn BOARD OF ENGINEERS FOR RIVERS ANO HARBORS WAS111NGTON, D. C. AAll.. WAY PASSCNGCA STATIONS 9 LUMB,.ct 8 LOG HANDLING ~ FISH a $C..tlL[Olf(!(T L':cua:L:--3!"-.~ ~o SEAFOOD HANDLING 9U9MITTEO D fa ~,£.!\¢lsf~~~t1~~ST°AAO£ 2lJ 0 TERMINALS OF INLAND CARRIERS GRAIN CL[YATOlll ~ ~ er'. . . .,.,. . !(~·AJ,.r.i SAND, ORAYEL,STONE,C!lllENT ~a=frt~ ~~~ TERMINALS - 0 S '&! SULPHUR HANDLING OIL HANDLING BUNKER COAL BUNKER OIL FlflD O&TA AS 01' N4Y 19': - eFi1l:lf,~~S~-POATS J_ 11- ltlf.lNC-1.f •PPltOYAL RECOIHlfNOEO. ~· ~\~~~~f~~b.t);fv~ "?;t;;t=·'"·· CO!..ON!L, CORPS M EHGiNEO'S, Q "!;A DA.TA 9'T IA k. OR.AWN BT 1,._'V_~ 60 61 VI Assessment of Shipping Decline of timber resources, the prohibition of fish traps and lingering management problems contributed to the closure of the mills and canneries. In times past, many passengers and goods moved in and out of Bellingham on the water. However, the comple- tion of interurban railroads, truck and automobile roads, spelled the doom of much Puget Sound waterborne traffic. After the depres- sion years, 1929-1940, it became increasingly difficult to compete in general cargo with trucks, railroads and even airlines. Labor- management problems and changes in world shipping arrangements caused a similar decline on the Pacific Coast from 1934 to 1950. In Bellingham and Blaine, during the 1950's, general and specialized cargo changed to land transport and no new commodities appeared; consequently shipping dropped to a low point. Inflation and costs hindered ports in the 1960's, making it more difficult for shippers to compete in business. Tendencies in the American economy encouraged concentration and development of superports, fed by containers, which saved on handling costs. In 1972, the problem was how the major Pacific Coast superports could compete without destroying one another. Seattle, for example, hoped to become a major entrepot for trade between Japan and the midwestern United States, capitalizing on not only ocean and railroad terminals, but the real money-maker for the port, Seattle- 62 Tacoma airport, At the same time the large may have to depend on ports and in. the future, non~containerized The cargo and aluminum. such as of fifty~year shows heavy tonnage 70, fifteen years out of from 1924-1929, World War II, in world a In 1971 hurt the smaller caused drastic and aluminum fi . cuts in the production at Intalco and These will continue to rise and fall over the years, there were 1950's strikes on the waterfront in the late 1930's, and in 1971. ping. Strikes and the ensuing agreements disco In 1971, for example, Vancouver, B. C., to to in cart westcoast much increase in empty" had twelve unload~ Ameri~, The fun1re may not shipping and the Port of Bellingham might find its terminals used more for of rail and truck, its energies r:urned to the prope while of industrial boat facilities. , :recreacional and Nevertheless, 120 years of water traffic in forest products" fish.sand and gravel should continue To this because and port picture must be added the almnina and petroleum Point which ";falue of are a natural combination. commerce" 76 incre.::ise the volume and 63 VII Labor and Administration The handling of shipping necessitated the organization of labor and administration. Bellingham Stevedore Company began at Bellingham in 1920, coastal unions came to the docks in 1934. While the port hired its own dockworkers, stevedoring service was performed by Bellingham Stevedore Company or Rothschild Stevedoring, who acted as labor contractors. Port employees partook of the port's own salary and benefit program and were not part of state civil service. The port participated with the Pacific Maritime Association in some fringe benefit programs for longshoremen, but was not a member of the PMA, the main bargaining agent of the shippers with Harry Bridges' International Longshoremen and Warehousemen's Union. Longshore payrolls have gone up or down according to the volume of shipping over the years, but the number of longshoremen in local gangs in 1970 was less than in the 1920's and 1930's. In 1970, there were 68 registered longshoremen, plus five foremen and 384 casuals, earning a payroll of $1,083,292 in a total of 184,188 hours worked on all docks in the county. There were at least 10 gangs at ten men each in 1936, not a high tonnage year. In 1972, there were about fifty regulars and 25 B men (apprentices) registered. The increase in mechanized equipment and different unload- ing methods help account for the drop. The use of pallets and lift 64 trucks began before World War II, then came the gantry cranes, log loaders and containers. Some charges and wages are listed below. Wharfage for various items may be increased or decreased over basic price and some longshoremen who perform jobs requiring additional skills earn premium rates over the beginning rate, for example, gantry crane operators. 77 Wharfage may be defined as the charge made on freight passing over a wharf or overside vessels berthed at a wharf. Handling charges are those for moving freight from a ship's slings to a pile or stack. Loading and unloading charges are made on freight moving from a pile to cars or vice versa. Rates for the three categories are about the same. Table 23 Longshoreman Wages (hourly) Wharfage 1925 .25 to .50 per ton 1930 " 1940 II 1950 " " II II II " II .90 " 1.00 " 1.97 ------- 1960 1970 II .80 1.00 2.74 4.28 Much of the Port of Bellingham's dynamic growth in the 1960's was due to the port leadership. Commissioners Peter Zuanich, T. B. Asmundsen and Robert Hyldahl, together with Manager Thomas Glenn and his staff provided continuity of leadership, enthusiasm and farsighted planning in a genuine desire to serve the county. From a 65 persons in the group of five to increased to about 35 persons years; the staff in 1970, nar-= rative suggests most of the continued "fat and years has been due to the of the managers and commissione:cs c have urged committees interes commission action many times; yachtsmen, water~oriented -iQ and gillnetters associations. ' organization of 0 personnel. The groLq.:<s Chamber of Commerce busine:::,smen, purse seiners, table ves the Table 24 Port Table of Organization 1970 °' °' Port of Bellingham Commission 3 members (elective) I General Manager ----------- Recep.-Secy. I1 I I Marine Terminals - Terminal 1 Superintendent ---i Terminal 2 - Rail Barge Transf. Facil. - Property Supervisor Term. & Tr. Mgr. - Boat Harbors Superintendent Squalicum Blaine Harbormaster ~ - Controller & Auditor Whatcom County Develop. Council Chief Engineer I Plans, Purch., Rec. Off. Engr. H Personnel I Eqpt. Maint. Mechanic I I Engineering Fiscal Airport I Legal I I Construction I I Pile Driver & Eqpt. I I Cons tr. Super. ' I Property Main ten. 67 1965 altered to 1970 PIERS, WHARVES, AND DOCKS AT BELLINGHAM, WASHINGTON Ref. No. 12 25 3 42 44 48 22 4 49 28 41 6 20 37 23 8 46 18 19 30 32 53 24 13 43 52 9 50 ll 29 2 1 5 51 15 14 47 33 35 45 38 34 17 16 Facility Bellingham Boom Co. Truck Log Dump Bellingham Builders Supply Co. Wharf Bellingham Canning Co. Pier A Bellingham Cold Storage Co. Wharf Bellingham Cold Storage Co. Wharf Bellingham Shipyards Co. Pier Bellingham Tug & Barge Co. Bellingham Warehouse Co. Pier B (Port South Terminal) Barman's Boat Construction and Repair Mooring Bornstein Sea Foods Wharf Bumble Bee Sea Foods Cannery Wharf Cascade Piling Co. Wharf Central Avenue City Transient Dock Crim Wharf Dahl Fish Co. Wharf Fairhaven Truck Log Dump Frosty Fish Co. Wharf Georgia-Pacific Corp. Truck Log Dump and Log Conveyor Georgia-Pacific Corp. Wharf H. & H. Products Log Conveyor Holeman & Bensen Lumber Co. Log Conveyor Intalco Aluminum Co. Wharf Marine Sales & Equipment Co. Dock Milwaukee Railroad Car Float Slip (B-D area, Haley, Brooks) Mobil Oil Co. Dock Mobil Oil Co. Ferndale Refinery Wharf Mobil Oil Co. Pier Mt. Baker Plywood Log Lift and Truck Log Dump Northern Pacific Railway Pier Olivine Corp. Dock Pacific American Fisheries Machine Shop Pier (Port South Terminal) Pacific American Fisheries Marine Railway Mooring (Port South Terminal) American Fisheries Mooring Pacific Permanente Cement Co. Pier Port of Bellingham Car Float Slip Port of Bellingham Chemical Wharf Port of Bellingham Derrick Wharf Port of Bellingham Fishing Boat Moorings Port of Bellingham Gill Net Mooring Port of Bellingham Oil Wharf Port of Bellingham Outfitting Pier No. 4 Port of Bellingham Purse Seiners Pier No. 5 Port of Bellingham Small Boat Harbor Port of Bellingham Terminal Wharf 68 PIERS, WHARVES, AND DOCKS AT BELLINGHAM, WASH. - Continued Ref. No. 21 40 26 10 27 7 39 36 31 54 55 56 Facility Puget Sound Terminals Pier Standard Oil Co. of California Pier Standard Oil Co. of California Wharf Texaco Pier Time Oil Co. Wharf United Boat Builders Pier U.S. Coast Guard Mooring . Weldcraft Steel & Marine Co. Mooring Wrang Shipyard Co. Mooring Port Public Park Proposed Harbor Expansion Small Boat Launching STORAGE WAREHOUSES AT BELLINGHAM, WASH. Ref. No. 5 6 & 7 .1 2 3 4 Bellingham Bellingham Bellingham Bellingham Bellingham Bellingham Name or Operator Storage Company (Unit Nos. 1, 2, and 3) Cold Storage Company (Unit Nos. 4 and 5) Cold Warehouse Company (Warehouse No. 9) Warehouse Company (Warehouse No. 7) Warehouse Company (Warehouse No. 4) Warehouse Company (Warehouse No. 10) - Jl I~ I ·~ I I~ l~ IL ILi I rnr 1 I I [ l :L Q w '1,,!1 u_,J ~ 70 71 VIII The Value of the Port Leadership, modern facilities, diversified cargo and waterfront industries have made the port valuable to the county. Cargo and tonnage figures have suggested the importance of port activity to the regional economy. There are other measuring devices. The profits and taxes of private firms engaged in harbor-related commerce constitute a high percentage of the total value of profits and taxes paid in Whatcom County. In 1970, Bellingham Cold Storage, Georgia-Pacific, Intalco and Mobil paid about one quarter of the property taxes in Whatcom County. 79 The inclusion of other water- front industry would raise the percentage even higher. In 1970, the total value of county sales was $524.2 million. Of 74 port tenants, 45 were given questionnaires and 13 reported a total sales of $109,000,000, or twenty percent of the county sales in 1970. percentage. A total of all tenant sales would make a higher Of more than 100 water-oriented businesses, Uniflite's net income for 1970 was $5.3 million from pleasure and commercial craft sales, $1.5 from military craft sales; their payroll was $2 million. Georgia-Pacific recorded $59,000,000 in net sales, had a payroll of 11.5 million and 1188 employees. 220 employees and a payroll of $2.5 million. Mt. Baker Plywood had Three hundred and fifty fishermen turned $5 million into the county economy in 1970. Vessels and gear had a fair market value of $3.2 million, 72 gross sales of fishery products by county processors reporting, totalled $16 million. 80 The Port of Bellingham generated even more dollars in the county through handling the items listed below. 81 Table 2'5 Value Generated by Port Handling of Connnodities, 1970 ($ average per short ton) Aluminum $20 Logs 16 Pulp 15 Powdered Milk 22 Salt 8 Industrial Chemicals Domestic 11 Foreign 22 Canned Salmon 37 Frozen Foods 37 Not all bay industry was surveyed, but among non-port firms, Builders Concrete (Bellingham Builders Supply) had a total sales of $3 million in 1970. sons. In the same year, Mobil employed about 300 per- The new Atlantic Richfield refinery, with a capacity of 100,000 barrels a day, cost over $100 million to build, became the largest taxpayer in the county in 1972. Intalco, one of the largest aluminum plants in the United States, had a capacity of 265,000 tons production, employed 1350 people with value of products at 73 $119,600,000 in 1970, industries in the While most of the in some way, a few are not county are related to the around 1,000 Western Washington State and staff, who, with such as million students~ and elsewhere in In 1970, the assessed valuation of the was 3,529 1 221, that of the $153, of 5,817, Retail sales in that year for Bellinghmn we rs $9 2 ~ 54 7, 000, less than the value of bay shipping, smaller than Int al co 1 s sales, in 196 7 was $107. 5 The value of manuf actu.res farming, fishing, retaiL million~ Thirteen percent of the county land was in farms in 1970, with a value of about: million in production. factured products in Whatcom ry In 192 , the total value of manuwas million. riculture fruits) amounted to $15 million. There were be- tween three and four thousand farms then, about 2800 in 1970. women, ,500,000 in 2000 :men and mills emp 1927, there were ten lumber and wag«~s. In Three salm.on canneries $4 million worth of salmon an.d the coal mine emitted 300,,000 tons a year. j While the values of fishing, and retail trade have the greatest increase has b,een in manu.ractu.res r support these industries and the the foregoing information, :Lt is ·ceaponsible for 30 to 40 is ea~h ~tJhatcom Most of other. estimated that port of 83 cour1ty relat~d Based on industry sales~ Pu-i.other method of effect of waterborne and water-orient,ed commerce on jobs and wage 74 payments. Three types of employment are considered: direct employ- ment, port dependent employment and port related employment. Port direct employment is required to carry out the activity within the harbor by port and associated industries that service the harbor and its commerce. Port dependent County by harbor activity. emplo~ent is generated in Whatcom Port related employment is created by businesses who depend on the port for imported materials or to export . goo d s. 84 t h eir During 1968, there were 3469 employees with a payroll of $23,192,754 in these three categories. The total employed in Whatcom County was 19,383 and the county payroll was $127,339,397. 85 Table 26 County Payroll, Port Related Industry Employees Payroll Direct 752 $5,763,906 Port dependent 736 4,838,882 1,981 12,589,966 Port related Categories one and two, port direct and port dependent, accounted for 7.5 percent of the total jobs and eight percent of the total wage payments in the county. If the port related figures are added, the impact is fifteen percent of the jobs and twenty percent of the payroll. The average annual income for 1968 in Whatcom County was $6,569; for the port direct employee, it was higher. $7,66~ more than $1,000 This indicates the higher level of skills required in port 75 employment, and suggests that the port's place in the county economy is extremely valuable. 86 Without the port, the county economy would have to make a major readjustment. Examples of port direct employment would be loading and unloading, fishing, shipbuilding, tug and barge, customs service, port staff, truck and rail transport. 87 Examples of port-dependent employment would be construction and contractors; manufacturers of wood products, food, stone; smelt~ ing and refining; communications and utilities; warehousing, insurance; real estate; banks; wholesale and retail trades such as grocers, taverns; hotel, amusement, repair services; Federal, county, . . state, city agencies; publ.ic sch oo 1 s. 88 Port related employment would be building supply products such as Columbia Cement, Bellingham Builders Supply (Builders Concrete), Olivine Rock Corporation; food products such as Bellingham Cold Storage, Bumble Bee Seafoods, Bornstein Seafoods; the paper, pulp and chemical products of Georgia-Pacific. The above figures do not in- elude Intalco, Mobil or the new Atlantic Richfield refinery. They also omit industries at Blaine harbor. Just as it is impossible to trace precisely the volume and value of land transportation. in and out of Whatcom County to compare it with water transport, so it is certain that port related industry generates more dollars than is supposed. Consequently, the above figures are suggestive, not definitive, and a different estimate of the port's employment value to the county would have to be revised 76 well above twenty percent. 89 In 1968, the port direct and indirect industry generated $10.6 million in payroll spent in the county on these items, in order: 90 food and tobacco 2.17 personal taxes 1.30 housing 1.28 household operation 1.25 transportation 1.18 clothing . 89 medic are .57 recreation .53 religious, welfare activities .12 personal savings .51 personal business .45 personal care .15 private education & research .12 foreign travel .06 $10.58 There are intangible values to the port as well. The natural beauty of Bellingham Bay and Lake Whatcom, the proximity to the San Juan and Canadian Gulf Islands, together with moorage facilities provided by the port attract business and professional persons who desire to fish, cruise and race. Bellingham Bay, along 77 with Victoria, is one of the best areas for sailboat racing in the Pacific Northwest There is a better ch.ance for wind and less chance of adverse current than in most places., Bellingham Bay began in the 1890 1 s. the years, the the Pacific International Y Bellingham Yacht Club Association regatta ? over 200 yachts oftert In 1952 Olympia to Vancouver and Victoria on the .!'1th of BoY,C. held the official of keelboat. on Yacht fro1I~ the Gam.es trials for the Dragon class The National for International 14 dinghies were staged in 1961 and the North .A.merican Si:ic Meter champ were decided on the bay in 196 7, In 19 the club sailed in C-Lark hosted the A.merican dinghies, built in Seattle. The and fellowship of these with tas resulted in part from port moo:rage~ regat~ parking and haulout facilities. Only six to ten wooden sailboats raced on the bay from 1920 to 1950, not like the 1890's~ the international regatta. From 1950 to 1968, ten to fifteen s but in 1969; fiberglass and expand the racing schedule. were fifty cruis when Bellingham boats often won ts began to fill moi::irage spaces In addition to forty racers sailboats in the harbor cutters, assorted ketches, there converted Bristol , and .s c~b.oor1,~rs;, Power cruisers outn:umbered sailboats in Bellingham harbor after 1900 more than four to one. 1;Jere in the ority; with From the 1950 s onward, Uniflites , Chris Craft and other 78 hulls also present. berthed in Sound, from bu.ilt in P feet to to Canadian an.cl Alaskan pleasant ends th 0 af \;laters~ There wers many wooden, displacement vessels 91 The port a ha~_ren. fo:r fisI~!Lerniert w11c; the active purse seiner remainsd in 1ifuatcom and t11e Gler1o·vi eta with f than most we:re Pete Xi teo. in St, Zita and Pete senio:ri in port comm.issioner, with Admiral, bu:Llt at 1958. The Hansons, Vern; Harv, Waxren and Joe, with M_,2:mento, Ursa Maj or, Joseuh and Liberty, regularly fished Cain and his Stmdowne:r headed the GillrH?t Associ=i.tion. Jim, Leroy, Stan, Les and were other Ben v1at.ers ,, The Nelsons, with Pet''°' and Jack Radecich ters of boaters would see the rug- from a weekend cruise, the little gillnetters grace.ful seiners and 92 The growth of boat have stimulated the expansion of such as r:he Redden Net: Co, and tbe con tinu.ance I cum Harbor and related indus~ ler Pete's" Marine Sales and of pleasure ~boa. and fish~ icn of the officials and the facilities. tio11 of l t:s xnoorage sto1~age a:n.d launching 79 Another measure of the port's influence on the bay is to calculate the way the harbor front is used. From 1925 to 1970, the amount of land under port control has increased and the amount of private waterfront land has decreased. Industry has multiplied and will continue to grow, although population pressure and interest might well dictate a higher percentage of land for recreational use. The port connnission still has usable land for expansion, is not in the critical position of some ports, but the problems of fill, dredging, adequate bottom for piers, 93 . . t o exist. . sani' t ation, uti·1· ity an d h'ig hway access continue 80 Table 27 Land Use Percentages in Bellingham Bay (Post Point to Portland Cement) 1920 1970 Port Non-Port Fishing-moor age 2 4.3 0 Pleasure craft 1 7.1 0 Port 0 City Dock 5 Log storage 30 Private, undeveloped 15 1. 4 Manufacturing 18 7.0 Shipping Storage 8 Marine Repair & Service 16.9 13. 7 8.8 7.6 4.7 1.9 11.1 1.3 Wholesale-Retail 2 Port unused 0 6.8 Fish & Seafood Handing 7 6.6 0.8 Water transport-passenger 2 0 0 Residence 0 0 0 Public recreation 0 1 1 Utilities 0 0 0 (Railroad) Private docks 10 100 3 66.3 + 33 .• 7 = 100% 0 '-~~~--"- . 1'1!'.t"ii!C>\l AA!U~S 82 83 IX Conclusion The port's part in Bellingham Bay activity grew from nothing to a predominant position in fifty years. Without this leadership of the port conunission, stimulated by conunercial and industrial interests, harbor traffic would be far less than what it was years ago under private auspic~s. The Port Conunission of Bellingham was founded in order to attract business. Its functions and powers generated a powerful force for industry and shipping, not merely because of planned waterfront use, but because of the powers of taxation and of eminent domain, which, in effect, constituted a case of enterprise using the public credit. The propriety of private and public enterprise using the public credit and resources in order to make a profit is questionable. In a way reminiscent of Alexander Hamilton's funding and assumption programs in the 1790's, the public debt of the county has been increased. On the other hand, the port has added to the county valuation, brought more income and employment into the county with facilities at prices people could afford. As Grover Cleveland once said, "We are confronted with a condition, not a theory, 11 and the fact is that theories about free enterprise or socialism pale before the condition that the voters of the county . 1y approve d t h e proposa1 s o f t h e port conunission. . . 94 h ave consistent The diversified terminal and moorage facilities reflect the port connnission's use of the tax power and planning, in good times 84 1md bad, assisted of Engineers and F~deral funds g The completion of local p ects, Terminal facilities were::: rarely i_.sed to capacity due to the complications of strikes, ing cos. ts ::lnd superport competition; facil:tties outst Howeve:c, the trade,. th demand for more boats} into a.lsc The control of the airport and into recreation21 facilities, Land use for industrial and reta.il. tenants has increas,ed period. greai::ly over the f from a few Lea.£es thousand dollars to several hundred thousand income from many diverse businesses along the three uc:.licum fill and th•2: South Side.. may be expected to grow in the years and betl;JtH~en a year of s This of port ahead~ at the Sq11alicum and I and J Street The harbor trade has been somz:whO!t diversified, new busin;;;;ssss hsrue substituted for old of bay the port 1 s iru:r2ased from two to three forest and sealife products have the mains to ~Jhile been and will continue to be has added Foreign trade has increased over the years \,Jhile coastal and inten:o3sta.l has pe:u;ent ,. of bay tonnage, in recent years, the co a.lumirnnn and petroleum, has re leilill ti ior1 fro1.11 land ar1d air local fish t.raffic is still trade with Canada ar&d full of timber in the inter..var years, Costs of and compe~ 85 heaviest trade were 1924-1929 and 1965-1970, with severe slumps in the 1930's and 1946-1958. Future problems for the port will be serious, but not insuperable. The containerization at superports may confine Bellingham's shipping to where it consists mainly of non-containerized logs and aluminum, chemicals, sand and fish. Conversely, county petroleum shipments will rise and new enterprises may appear from time to time. Also, equipment and general cargo will continue with water- oriented industries. The deep waters off Cherry Point might attract a superport, as Canada has built at Roberts Bank, in the delta of the Fraser River. ment. This would drastically change the county environ- The political and economic power of Seattle could prevent a superport in Whatcom County, but the main difficulty is lack of suitable commodities. Rather, the terminals will try to compete by offering specialized handling services for general cargo. Low mar- ket prices for pulp and aluminum, strikes and continued inflationary costs may intermittently dampen port activity. Pollution control and land usage will come under increasing regulation, improving the condition of the water and waterfront, which will raise costs for the taxpayer who is also a consumer. Taxpayers may object to port support, claiming that money spent by the port does not directly affect them. On the other hand, the county is growing in population and this might increase not only port business, but demand for port services. Waterborne enterprise and the port form the right arm of Whatcom County's economy. Exact percentages of the value of the port to the C:OU11 ty do not reflect fti,11 economic. anG' le value to facilitate the fullest economic a.nci aesthetic use of Bel it is most that the:: voters po:rt is valuable because it cal means of us am thG t the benefit of its citizens. ill continue to believe that the authori practi...., eono10.y for 87 Appendix A 88 89 A A Note on the Statistics of Port His Tonnage Statisti_cs. Fire commission files the artment (as Harbormas Corps of Districts the These are .swailable from Board~- the the U. S, Customs Cornmerceo the U., S, Bureau of Domestic and They all differ because they have different criteria and jurisdictions; they should not be accepted as abe.olutely accurate. of Engineer figures because used the most thorough and the most inclusive. port, some may not be too To be sure accurate~ appear to be the Some comp ai1ies will not re- others may their figures. the Engineers rely on these local reports at least for field researchers and very accurate.. reputation. of Eliot Grirn.i.ell ~1ears~ in his D, criticizes Engineer statistics and prefers the Board. hut their own t Sound, have the Maritime Trade of Western United States, the The author has of 8 Yet the Maritime Act of 1920 the ping Board and the Engineers to cooperate and this is reflected in their published reports from 1920-~.L of Commerce assumed the Administration of the Board role. In the 1950's, the Maritime The chief w-eakness with Customs District is that Domestic ax1d Foreign Commerce r Bureau of omit a lot of local, internal traffic, logs in Puget Sound, Since 19~,z ~ the Engineers have the :recommendations for uniform repo with of the Federal Bureau of 90 Statistics. The Maritime Adwj_nist:ration uses Corps of Engineer ton~ what accurate, and are most useful to show ratios between years, com- modities and water and land Nevertheless, there is no one source for all Sarne agen.cy s11ould :rec o:rd these the port fa the logical one, if would 91 Appendix B 92 93 B A Note on the Sources of Port His One of the valuable contributions of the Marine Historical Association at of ti Connecticut, has been the > ties in the Field of Sources ar1d .A. :merican Maritime Histo:ry" some of the lication in 1967 ful ideas This volume is full of na'1al and maritime historians and transportation experts, Not :i.::s open in national maritime are there many there is a great deal to be done in Washington maritime history tory. would enhance our unders More histories of the Puget Sound society and economy, companies related to Puget Sound of We need more histories of the Columbia River and Pacific Coast enterprise of the state. P..mong the cs to ports that bear furthe , labor relations are rate making, s relations with arrelling between local representatives other gress and the Corps of Engineers, engineering Con~ ons ans, litigation, legalities of leases, biog- ations, agent raphies of persons and companies, vate enterprise, More human interest stories of the waterfront trade tent economic ana' try would be of and servicr;;- Bay are needed~ a.re no1j:f' studies £ port and Accounts of t Histories of CO(t1] in t Solrr1d Sound and local 94 shipbuilding and fishing would be While go back very far ly port minutes, contributions" city and company records are spotty and do not port records are comparatively very full, especialresolutions~ As tonnage clerks and auditors to standardize figures. Cargo entered and requires careful s tonnage and auditor's :'; so do s tonnage and it hard can b,e erroneous Newspapers are an excellent source and can often fill a gap in the story. 95 Notes 96 97 Notes L U. S. , The Ports Port Series GPO, often 2. creek wate1-''Wccys because ts were favorable pilings also necessitate ,::1t in~ter~\rals (> State of Washington, of ture'P 51'Jl.1a.tcorn Coun.ty Agriculture a, Herald July 3, 1970; U. S. DepL of Commerce, Bureau. Census ,county and ff,) Ibid, , Citv Data Book GPO, Census of Population, 1960, I ~'9, p. 14; Ibid_., Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 1966, fL ~·~~~"---~~--·-~~·~--· 3_. IvL. L" Fair~ Port .P~drniriistrat United States (Camb Md.~ Cornell Harit:Lme Press,- 1954)-:-3~- Christian Science Monito:".', June , 1971; !L. .J Tobin, ment Structure and Operat Policies in Public Authorities The Port of New York Authori International de 1 Or~ g.an.isation Scierrtifigue; JCIII 1963 1 ~· lT,, S,, t-Jar DepL, Corps of Engineers, U, , E,, Brown, JL, Shore Control and Port Administration : GPO 1923 , xi~xii; FaLc, Port Administratiog_, 41; interview,. Professor Alfred Roe, Western Washington State College, December, 197L 5, A, J, Tobin, "Authorities as a Governmental Te Rutgers University, March 26, 1953, 8, 10; Authority in Profession Profile," Masters ministration, Dec,, 196 7, L The American Authorities was established in 191L address, Public ~~--·~~~~~~~-~~-~~~~~ 6., Port Fair Port Administration, 43; Letter, H, C, Brockel to the author, December 15 197L The author began this ressarch with re~ the notion that commissions sprang up because of the forms of the Prngressi ve Era, 1900~1917 Such tory as governmental referees the evidence found. case is not proven In Fair :i Port Adrninist_ratior1I; i'.~=12 J L!.6--4 7 ~ port cou-i.rnissions in tli..e Sta.te of \;Jasl-1ington 8, c, J_ Letter, Richard C. Berg to the author, December 13, 1971; C. B, ton Seattle: Clarke, Bagley, History of Kir1g County :J 1929) > I~ 635~37; s.eattle -Tin1'2s~, November 15, 1953, October 10, 1 () r.; - ~~ • ' 1911, to be -=---1 n ~~·---~_L 7 ' aru: x'esearch ions of the Port 0 Seattle. 98 9. W. Morse and C L Nolte. statistics an.cl • President, C. John A. Miller, execu.tive secretary 9 pre~ 1923. Secretary Treasurer. Herald lL Ibid,, 12. The Show Window, 13,, Bellirigharn 1-lerald;i- 14. 25 1920 Port CoffffetissioI"1 11inutes Be.llingham He ra.ld, Dec,, 6~ 1920; Port Cornrniss.ior1 Resolut~i.oris l of to 25, Clir1ard 1920, 2 of Oct. 4, 1920; T. J. His of the Port of Susan Ba.rro~J ~ ed . This book~ is helpful for its sk~e.tc:.hes on. '~.orn= ' 1920; 13, 1920 ~ 1920. 16, Paige was president of che North- westera Terrill in insurarice .an~d :River Le ~rlills,, cJhr1 11.!< Kel retair1ed as port at to rn2ys 9 the engineer was Fred McElmon and Taggart Aston aeted as consul Bill Daniel, "Bell Tones," Bellinghecm H,a·cah~' 30 1970, arn 1 Hunter~ 15, Brown, Shore Control, 1~3, 53~54. Pablic Port"': Associatim1, Por·t District Laws Manual 196 , sections 5 .08,010 1 53.08.080, SJ.36.020, 53.39.030, 79.01.504! 53~20~010~ 17' 18. ix1 .16. Professior1 Port iit(hTLir1is.tration,., cr1,. 21+,,. Iffi,, U. S, Wa:r Board, Port Series referred 1.20; Profi1~ ·~ =i~3 Fair~, 99 19. Ibid., 377-80. Bellingham Herald, April 26, 1953. With a dredged depth of 26 feet at mean lower low water, ocean going ships could call at the dock. Dredging was not merely a "boondoggle," it allowed ships to stop, which was the life blood of the port. See Marilyn Sibley, The Port of Houston (Austin, U. of Texas, 1968) ch. 6. It is not known why businessmen did not choose the deeper waters of Cherry Point and Post Point, avoiding the silting problems, but presumably, they did not dream of huge supertankers and wanted the docks close to their businesses, downtown. Furthermore, there was less silting in 1920 because the forests had not been logged off. 20. The Show Window, Dec., 1921; PCM July 5, 1921, Dec. 7, 1922, May 5, 1921, PCR 12 of Oct. 7, 1922. 21. PCR 15 of Aug. 5, 1924, 18 of Nov. 5, 1924, 25 of Dec. 15, 1925; PCM Sept. 5, 1924, Oct. 6, 1924, Dec. 30, 1924. 22. PCR 33 of Dec. 8, 1926, PCM Oct. 5, 1926; Bellingham Herald, Nov. 12, 1926, Dec. 1, 1926. 23. PCM Sept. 7, 1927, Feb. 6, 1928, March 5, 1930, Oct. 6, 1930, Nov. 3, 1930, Jan. 12, 1931, July 18, 1931, May 13, 1969; Port of Bellingham Yearbook, 1927; Whatcom County Auditor file numbers 310.281, 468.006. George H. Bacon of BBI, J. J. Donovan of Bloedel Donovan, W. J. Newton, William McCush and W. R. Moultray became trustees of the syndicate, which raised $150,000 in the county to purchase the land from Hugh Eldridge and one Cramer. Messrs. Munn and Paige of the port attended their meetings. Port files, correspondence with syndicate. The port commission also built a dock and warehouse at Point Roberts in 1931; in 1969 they sold it for $1.00. 24. PCR 107 of Sept. 24, 1933, 111 of June 23, 1934, 117 of Nov. 14, 1934, PCM Aug. 6, 1934. In 1935, this type of emergency was declared to repair the Muni Dock and dredge the waterway. PCR 123 of Jan. 29, 1935, 128 of June 15, 1935; PCM June 5, 1935. PCM April 3, 1933, July 10, Aug. 5, 1935, show storm damage and repairs at Blaine. 25. PCR 134 of Feb. 10, 1936, 146 of April 5, 1937; PCM Aug. 29, 1935, Jan. 21, 1936, June 22, 1936, May 5, 1939. In 1938 the port improved Pine St. with a railroad spur, built a webhouse on the South Side, added floats and repaired docks at Squalicum, with PWA cooperation; PCM Aug. 8, 1938, Sept. 16, 1938. Bellingham Herald, June 23, 1940, showed 90 pleasure boats and 46 fishing craft moored at South Side. 26. PCR 225 of Jan. 11, 1944, 226 of May 9, 1944, 230 of Sept. 22, 100 19~4, '" PCM Glenr1 and CliY1ard, 19 destruction of th·'2 Soutf1 Side srnoll boat corrvir~ce tl--1e c.orcanission to der to retain the fleeL 351 and 352 of Feb. 11, 1958, ,. 195 . 30, 1970" Franlc l-Iaskell VJas axtothe.:r in th.e c::hanlber of Co'.mrr1erce,, 29. 30. 0 or~ f cate , Port Files, ; PC~R 35 of Feb Glenn and Clinard, . 16, 19 1962 459 of Oct{ 9~ 15, 1963, 4 79 the His PCR. L~ll of of Nov. 9, 1960. 438 of Feb. 13 .. Gle·nn an.d Clir1a~cd;; I-Ii story"" n The vJas 30 1 , vibicJ~~ 2ccormnoda.ted all but cne in 19 PCM 1964 ·ro·ve~d 1 490 of t. tf1e. I and J St~ PCR L:.92 of c 12 J. (} 28 1966, 523 PCM J2..:L 31, 1966, Feb 8, 1966, In 1925,, had 1 1 -;,;hacves s.nd 6 1'varehot1ses in 1968 > 53 and 7" of such firms as Dean Witter and Coe, National Bank I ;_om~ n1e.rc,e 11 M,errill) Pierc.f;: 9 Fe11ner and Sn1it1:-2 1 Seattle First National Bank, B and Co, often invested industrial c:f eve.l funds in bonds to earr~ :Lnterest Th·e spent on capital as n1uch Sot1th Terrninal z.;,1as. feet .and. did as North TerminaL PCR 494 of Feb, 1 33~ ir1 1958. 392 of Dec. 9, 1958, 394 of Federal aid. 32, 1967 storm a.l,so 13, 1957, 381 of March 11 Jari,, 13;. 1959 ~· maintained of 31. . 1948. ha~cbor PCR 376 of Nov. 12, 25,700· passengers, Annual Financial Port of His~ 529 of OE1e of th_e liJays of fb_e carnp in_ 196 ?CR~ of STiic;_ller por for thE: A1,~tska_ t,, the port a:nd ci 12, 196 ' ted the 1ocatl 101 garbage , out o:f: appearance. Th.e fill at the ci cy and Ge01:: fill between E and 25, 1972,. In the South Side. PCM , 1963, Dec. 10, 1963 1 part te. Interview,, 1972, the Sept, 12, 1962, Jan. 10, 1967 . Commission. Water Pollution Control Interstate and Coastal --~----"--·-----"---~~~~~-~-~~-~~·'~~-~~ DB: ,, 1967), 14. Waters. 35. Interviews, Thomas Port of Production, n.d.n.p. 36. PCR 23 of Sept. 4 1925 ~j 105 1945, 343 of t. 13 195 " 1911; Port files, Bellingham L, 5, 19JJ, 239 Of i~F·R, ril 26 PCR 57 of Sept. 8 1 1930, 161 cf 5, 1938 1946, 343 of 13 1955, 1 of 1 66; Bellingham, !.:nnual Report, 19 39. PCR 23 of 19L}5 t., 4 ~ 343 of Sept. 13 1955; 1932 41. PCM Oct. 1949, S, 1924, Oct. over 30 years, the lease was 42. 196 Port of 1954; PC'.1'.1 Oct'j 6, 239 of 196B~ AFR Jan • l 0 , 1 9 5 6 254 of Oct,, 7 ~ ! • 4.0, 1969; 11, 1968 . AR, 1951; AFR, 1963, 1965 0 19 1953. Port files, State Auditor 38. the 19L~1~ Oct~ 3) 1935,. 1935; 1965. For per acre per year, PCM June 11 , 19 2 3 , AFR, 1969 194.9. In 1970 0 revenues from comm'::rcial boats at were 3,000, 000. In 19 3, the figures were $15 750 and In 9 fishing moor age amounted to $1, 906,, pleasure $5 262. Rates in~ creased from $1.00 per foot per year in the fifties to .25 per ft, per month in the sixties, for sli lower for fisheL'1fr2TL~ Dec, 26, 19 7 L 43~ Bill Tones 1 1 ~ The U. S, Navy and Coas spac.e f PCl'I Feb June "~i-y I CJ_, t Jan ,. 19 3 2 _ 0 9 -~ Stat>2 Or_~/2 of thi2 stated dr.sJJbaclcs for the lessee is that he does not O\ivn the lan.d~ Al.so, rates hcr\.1e increased in recer1t years to off,,.,, 3et the taz: Oct\; ~ )1 = 102 44. PCR 99 of May 13, 1933, 227 of Sept. 1, 1944, 127 of June 5, 1935. 45. PCM Nov. 9, 1932, Nov. 28, 1934, May 7, 1936, May 25, 1936, Oct. 10, 1961, Sept. 20, 1962, April 13, 1972; AR, 1961. The elevator was torn down in 1958, PCM March 11, 1958. 46. PCR 480 of July 22, 1964, 496 of March 8, 1966; AR, 1950; PCM Aug. 13, 1963, Dec. 10, 1963. 47. PCR 118 of 1934, 126 of June 3, 1935, 168 of April 7, 1939. PCM Oct. 3, 1932, Sept. 9, 1935, July 14, 1959, Nov. 12, 1963. 48. Port files, auditor profit and loss statement, 1970; PCM Oct. 6, 1947; AFR, 1963. For a brief period Cherry Point was designated IDD 118. 49. Port files, auditor profit and loss statement, 1970. 50. Port files, tonnage reports, harbor reports, 1920-70, interview with Dorothy Clinard, February 3, 1972; City of Bellingham, Fire Dept., Harbor Activities Reports, 1964-70; letter, Lewis Holcomb to the author, Jan. 25, 1972; Glenn and Clinard, "Capsule History"; CE, Port Series, 1925, pp. 212, 370, 412; 1931, pp. 74, 135, 198; 1952, pp. 110, 219, 181; CE, Annual Report, 1897, pp. 3478-3481; 1912, pp. 1256~1258; 1917, p. 1780; 1947, pp. 1306-1307. CE, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, 1960 (Wn.: GPO, 1960), pp. 45-47; 1970, pp. 100-101, 147. When sources vary, Corps of Engineer figures are used. Ship totals are actual, not both inbound and outbound; the number of ships for 1920-46 probably much higher because smaller craft were not counted then. The dollar values are estimates only and the real figure for 1970 is probably two-thirds higher, because the $92 million was based on 1 million tons of shipping. See Appendix A. 51. CE, Annual Report, 1929, p. 941 ff.; 1947, p. 1281 ff.; CE, Waterborne Commerce, 1960, pp. 55-84; 1970, pp. 83-93. 52. CE, Annual Report, 1929, p. 5ff. G. F. Mott, Survey of U. S. Ports (NY: Arco, 1951), 94, 104, 111, 133, 146, 184, 196, 208. Canada, National Harbours Board, Annual Report, 1967, p. 53; D. Kerfoot, Port of British Columbia (Vancouver, 1968). Letter, W. Duncan to the author, April 25, 1972. 53. "Le Trafic des ports du monde, 11 Le Journal de la Marine Marchande, Dec. 1971. It has not been possible to obtain tonnage figures for The People's Republic of China and U.S.S.R. In 103 1929 Rotterdam had 21 million metric tons, Hamburg, 18 million; in 1938, London had 44.6 million long tons. 54. Letter, L. Holcomb to the author, Jan. 25, 1972. 55. CE, Port Series, 1925, 412, 415. 56. CE, Port Series, 1931, 131-143. 57. Port files, Report on Municipal Dock, 1945, file on Lend Lease, Harbor Report, 1943. 58. CE, Port Series, 1952, 175-184. 59. AFR, 1970; PCM Jan. 13, 1970, Jan. 12, 1971. comparisons. 60. CE, Port Series, 1925, 409-410, 418; Port files, cargo reports; interview, Dorothy Clinard, Jan. 20, 1972. 61. CE, Port Series, 1925, pp. 416-418; 1931, pp. 133-135; 1952, pp. 179-81; AFR, 1970; CE, Waterborne Commerce, 1960, pp. 45-47; 1970, pp. 100-101; CE, Annual Report, 1931, 967. W. Gorter & G. Hildebrand, The Pacific Coast Maritime Shipping Industry (Berkeley, 1954), I, ch. 2, passim. 62. Port files, Harbor Report, 1927, 1925; D. H. Clark, 18 Men and a Horse (Bellingham; Whatcom Museum, 1969), 138-142. 63. Clark, 18 Men and a Horse, 138; Port files, Harbor Reports, 1923-25, 1934. Destinations of Bloedel Donovan lumber, lath, shingles in 1934: to Atlantic Coast, 29,282.908; Calif., 4,378,304; Hawaii, 2,593,442; Japan, 10,054,446; China, 11,298,964; Manchuria, 274,876; England, 2,135,909; So. America, 2,141,178; France, 360,000; Germany, 384,000; Holland, 161,000; Belgium, 451,000; Spain, 58,000; Italy, 360,000: Greece, 12,000; Africa, 307,000; Puerto Rico, 2,581,393; local, 85,918. Total: 66,924,141 board feet. 64. Port files, Harbor Report, 1925. These figures do not include the 14 PAF plants in Alaska and Canada. 65. Ibid. 66. Port files, cargo reports, Harbor Reports, various. 67. Port files, Harbor Report, 1925, 1930, 1937. Interview, C. W. McDonald, July 25, 1972; Chas. Countryman, July 26, 1972. 68. Port files, Harbor Report, 1924. Port files, cargo The E. K. Wood Mills had 104 in their fleet, among t 69. did sorne 70., rt, 19 re Port files, Harb Port files-~ ant~· These are others Deen Harb or 955 han1 Fire 72.,, of Builders 8.m Port files, B.arbor 19, 1972; Allan J, ann Timber Co, Now ti or1, n Sus an Barro'¥?~ T~Tr1atcom Museuin;o 1969) Hay 5, 19 72. The mc:tin 1960 and 19 70 is that art docks after 196 thus ar~ noc 1 73 Table 15 ,. Clinard and Bill Bond~ J?i' eb ~ 3 ~ 19 7 2. possible tTEtCe. tl1e '10lun1e an.cl Y/alue Gf lcrnd out of the because no agency maintains records. at present there is no r,/jay to s ar.e the s,.y per 1 in 2:c1d Thus, of county of Cornrnerce,, Foster and. f-1a.rshall'> Irtc,,-:: Ci 7~\. T,ifater .g:nd Info1--:-1rtation froro. lJeter G.a.as 75, Se~\1er Re·venue Bonds 0. C. Johnson, Feb. In.forrnatio11 Ferrie are no and do not appear as These or ci totals 1 , 10 the port the coun_ 76~ ch ur1til 1952 ~, Railro.a \.vhen. In~ormation supplied p. 172, 77 .. :2~ra-kE:.fiE1d.,, 31 PCM 2 KING TV, nseaport,." ~-~~--~-~-~ 25, pp. 418-1 ; 19 rates 11\rt?r-2 unf,sr\1ora.bl2. to Be t;: :e1n.s- cont ine.r1 F::::·b .. 29 ., ~ p. 16. ?CR 300 or J J__ ril H, 19 38, March 10, 1961;. 4 J__ > 105 78. 79. Barrow, Whatcom Seascapes, 4; Information supplied by Thomas Glenn. Information from Whatcom County Treasurer's Office, March 16, 1972. It has been impossible to find tax figures for the 1920's, or any beyond the past ten years, because they are not retained by any county or state agency. Even port tenants pay taxes on buildings they own. 80. Foster and Marshall, Inc., City of Bellingham, 10, 13, 16. Washington Sea Grant Program, "Evaluation of the Fishing Industry in Whatcom County," Seattle, 1972. County sales figures provided by David Thomas, May 22, 1972. Some 2300 units reported. This total is probably low, e.g., Mobil profits are not included because the local refinery does not keep these figures, they are figured in the Mobil Corporation totals at another location. Because of the form of company records and their practices, it has been exceedingly difficult to arrive at cargo values. Data for value are not as available as data for volume of cargo. Information from George Boney, Sept. 11, 1972. 81. Table calculated by D. Clinard and T. Glenn. Table 19 means dollars generated by handling, not by manufacturing or selling. Port handling revenues find their way into the cormnunity through port direct businesses and employment. Criterion used in multiplier table is total dollars received by port from handling commodity. 82. Foster and Marshall, City of Bellingham, 16, 17; Bellingham Chamber of Commerce files, Market Facts, 1971; U. S. Dept. of Cormnerce, Bureau of Census, 1967 Census of Manufactures, Washington, Table 4 (Wn.:GPO, 1967); Washington, Dept. of Agriculture, Whatcom County Agriculture, 3-6, 24, 28; Bellingham and Whatcom County Directory, 1928. Interview, M. Mischaikow, May 4, 1972; other information supplied by Robert Ferrie, Peter Gaasland. U. S. Dept. of Commerce, County and City Data Book, 1967 (Wn.: GPO, 1967), 406-411. It is possible to suggest that port generated revenues multiply in the county as goods are sold. Some competent economist or geographer ought to make such a study. Cf. Port of Portland Economic Impact Study, 1970. E. Schencker, The Port of Milwaukee (Madison, Wisconsin, 1963); R. O. Goss, Studies in Maritime Economics (London: Cambridge U., 1960). 83. Ibid. 84. Port files, Public Affairs Services, Olympia, Wn., "Economic Impact Study--Port of Bellingham," Spring, 1970. The totals are more meaningful than the divisions. 106 85 Ibid 86~ Ibid. 87 Ibid, 88. Ibid, 89 - Ibid~ 90. Ibid. 91... 'Ir, and ;rrs. Dan Olson 1:elated part of this 92. Bill Lausch, t.ion. The Bel very active, of of boaters. )'[1Jch come from :·Iessrs Ray G:re•2ne, Jer,sen. 93. sketch. supplied this inform.a·· Po,w·er h.as beer1 and ad_\1anced c:ouJ.:,ses to h.und.reds has Hoerauf for his assistance in The author is indebted to this table}! bas;'"::.d on xneasur2rner:. s of a-erial os maps of 1925 and 1965.. The_ idea \,1.as .?;nd Corps of borrowed from C. Forward, "A of Waterfront Land Use in Four Canadian Ports: St. John, Saint John, Halifax and 1, 1969. Victoria," Economic Geography, deare intended to be suggescive, finitive. 1fa.te.rline usage was , not the land behind it. For ) ra.ilroad lines spa.rt the en~ire b Jt are booms are, with othe 1 4. Some of the standard criticisms of port authorities are discussed in Tobin, "Authorities as a Goverm:nent<0cl 28: ports are socialistic:, compete unfai control, interescs, are not subject co 107 BIBLIOGFtAPHY 108 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliographical Aids Albion,Robert Greenhalgh. Naval and Maritime History, An Annotated Bibliography. 3rd ed. Mystic, Conn. 1963. Marine Historical Association. Untapped Sources and Research Opportunities in the Field of American Maritime History, Mystic, Conn. 1967. Port of New York Authority, A Selected Bibliography of the Port of New York, 1912-1956, New York, 1963. Unpublished Documents Port of Bellingham Port Commission Minutes Port Commission Resolutions Annual Financial Reports Annual Reports State Auditor's Reports Harbor Reports Tonnage and Cargo Reports Interviews with Staff: Thomas Glenn, Dorothy Clinard, T. P. Scholz, Carl Erlandson, Bill Lausch. Port of Portland, "Economic Impact of the Port of Portland, Oregon," 1970. Public Affairs Services, "Economic Impact Study--Port of Bellingham," Olympia, Spring, 1970. Washington Sea Grant Program, "Evaluation of the Fishing Industry in Whatcom County," Seattle, 1972. Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton, Port of Bellingham Master Plan for Port and Industrial Development, New York, 1958. Dames and Moore, "Report of Soils Investigation," 1963. 110 City of Bellingham Fire Harbor Chamber of Coffun 2rce, Bellingham 1 and Market Facts, 1971. Whatcom Treasurer figures. Ta"l\ Correspondence and Interviews Paul Amundsen, Executive Director, .American Association of Po"t:t Authorities, Washington. D, C. Martin ~ Cold Storage Vice~President~ Richard C, Berg, Public Information Officer, Port of Seattle Lance Pacific trolle:r, Bellingham Brel~efield, ILW1J Hall, H. C. Brockel, Center for Great Lakes Studies,. Univ, of Wisconsin--Jvlilwaukee Charles Coun retired, Bellingham. i·L Duncan,. Acting Manager, Port of Vancouver, Be C" Robert Ferrie, President, Intalco PJ..mnim.JTa Co,, Ferndale Peter Gaasland, President, Builders Concrete Co., Be Lewis Holcomb, Exe cu ti ve Di"i,,ector, As~>of:iation on Po.blic Ports j John Holtzheimer, Bel Title Co, Division, OECD. Paris 0, r .Johnson, Manager, Mobil Oil Refinery Ferndale 111 KING TV Seattle. "' ,, "' April 19 72 C. W. McDonald, Dean or Students W.W.S.C. Mr. & Mrs. Dan Olson, Bellingham Yacht Club Roger Sahlin, Bellingham Stevedore Co. David Thomas, Whatcom Information Service Thomas C. Authority , Public Information Officer Po:rt of New York Published Documents Canada England National Ports CounciL Port Development. vols., London, 1965. An Interim Plan. 2 United States Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Statistics of the United States. 196 7. County and City Data BooL Historical 1949, 1967 Census of Manufactures, Washington, 1967. Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, The Ports of Port Ang?,':__les, Anacortes, Everett and Bellingham, Washingtm:L Port Series Number 37. 1965 part 2, Washington GPO, 1965. , and Maritime Administration of the U.S. men.t of Commerce.. The Ports of Everett, Bellingham and Port A. ngeles, Washington. Port Series~ Number 3 7, Washington, 1952. and TJ S ~ Board.~ The Pores '.)f E·verett and Grays Harbor, ~Jashirigton~, Port S·eries Nu.mbe:r 7, pan: 3, Washington, 193L - - - - - - - -, fl ha.rn~ • Washington, 1925. j 112 , ) ~Jaterbo·cw3 Corrunerce . of the United s.tates, 1950-1970 ];:ransportation Lines on the Atlantic, f and Pacific Coast, 1970 t Sound Task Force of the Pacific Northwest River Basins Corru:niss. ioir. ~ Water and Related Land Resour.ces ·~ " 1970, State of culture, Whatcom County Agriculture, D,2pa:ctrnent of 1965. Water Pollution Control Commission for Interstate and Coastal Wat.em, Washington Public Ports .A..ssociation, ia, 1968. ia, Water Quality Standards Olympia, 1967. Port District Laws ManuaL NeWB;JapeL·s and Local Periodicals Bellingham Ht'!Tald Christian Science Monitor Chamber of Comrn.erce The Show Window. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Seattle Times, Unpub.lish,sd Ph.D. Dissertations Maritime Development of San Pedro of Minnesota, 1963. Baresnes, IC W, 192L" Unive ' 1721- tiannnelton., R.~ L~ Port Cities in Western A1nerica and Their Effect on Economic Universi of Southern tory or the Inland Port of Stockton," Ha:rd2ma.n, N. P • of California, > 1953, Johnson., T ;. '.'I Colurnbia llnivers VJate.r--f·tont Ccnn111ission or Nevi York Harbo .. LeBreton, P, 0 of :Ne\.l Orleans 1963,, PostT_,,Ja:r P.td1nir1istration of the Port ·11 n of Illinois, 1953. 113 Voget, L. H. "The Waterfront of San Fr.;incisco, 1863-1930." sity of California, Berkeley, 1943. Univer- Wilson, D. A. "An Analysis of Lumber Exports from the Coast Region of British Columbia to the United Kingdom and United States, 1920-1952." University of California, Berkeley, 1955. Books Albion, Robert G. The Rise of New York Port. Sea Lanes in Wartime. Alexandersson, Gunnar and G8ran Norstr8m. 1963. New York, 1939. New York, 1968. World Shipping. Uppsala, Anderson, Berne. Surveyor of the Sea. The Life and Voyages of Captain George Vancouver. Seattle, 1960. Bagley, C. B. 2 vols. History of King County, Washington. Barrow, Susan, ed., Green Gold Harvest. Whatcom Seascapes. Seattle, 1929. Bellingham, 1969. Bellingham, 1970. Bellingham and Whatcom County Directory, 1919-1920, 1928. Bown, A. H. J. Port Administration. Branch, A. E. Cambridge, Md. 1960. The Elements of Shipping. London, 1964. Brewer, S. H. The Competitive Position of Seattle and Puget Sound Ports in World Trade. Seattle, 1963. Brown, Giles T. Chapelle, Howard. 1960. Clark, Donald H. Clark, E. A. G. Ships That Sail No More. Lexington, 1966. The National Watercraft Collection. 18 Men and a Horse. Bellingham, 1969. The Ports of the Exe Estuary, 1660-1860. Exeter, 1960. Coman, E. T. and H. M. Gibbs, Time, Tide and Timber: Pope and Talbot. New York, 1949. Fair, Marvin L. Md. 1954. Washington, A Century of Port Administration in the United States. Cambridge, 114 Fassett, F. G., 2d . . 1"he Shipbi..dl~ling Business in the United States. New Yo:ck, 19L,8, 2 ··1ols. Feis, Herbert. The Road to Pearl Prince l:on 19 5L Foi\.\fctrd, Cha~"les l\,f ~ British Col1.i.111.bia. Goldblatt, L MeE arid Machine':'" San Francisco;i Gorter, wytze, George H. Hildeb:rand. Shipping Industry, 1930~48, Goss~ The Pacific Coast Ma:citirne Studies on Maritime Economic:s. 01o R~. 1963~ 1954, 2 vols. London, 1968. Gough, Barry M. The Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of British North America, 1810~1914. V.ancouver, 197L , E, The Port of Milwaukee, Rack Island, 1954. 1961. Hutchins, J. G. B. Hyde, Francis L Liverpool and the Mersey, 197L Johansen, Dorotoy. Ketfoot Denis E, Landon, L 196 3~ G. Amsrican Maritime Industries and Public Policy, Cambridge, 194L 1789-1914, Empire of the Columbia, Newton Abbot, Devon, New York rhe Port of British Columbia. 196 7. Vancouver 1968,. The North Carolina State Ports Authority. U, S, Merchen t Shipping Policies and Politics. 1966' c1-1tet1berg:, 196 Link, A,. S, Mears ·w ~ Woodrow Wilson and the Eliot Grinnell. 19 35 ~, Sta~'lford Roosevelt and the New DeaL Progressi~':':~ Kr· a, New York, New Maritime Trade of Western United York~ States~ 195l1, 115 Morgan, F. W. Ports and Harbours. London, 1952. Morison, S. E. Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860. Boston, 1961. Mott, G. F. Survey of United States Ports. Mowat, Farley. The Grey Seas Under. Mowry, George R. Newell, Gordon. Northwest. ~~~~~~~' 1960. New York, 1951. New York, 1959. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt. Ships of the Inland Sea. New York, 1958. Portland, 1951. The G. W. Mccurdy Maritime History of the Pacific Seattle, 1965. and J. S. Williamson. Pacific Lumber Ships, Seattle, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Transport 1970. Paris, 1970. Oram, R. B. Cargo Handling and the Modern Port. Port of Bellingham. Potter, E. B., ed. Port Yearbook 1927. London, 1965. Bellingham, 1927. Sea Power. Englewood Cliffs, 1960. Puget Sound Pulp and Timber Co. 1953. Pye, E. A. Maritime Making of Puget Pulp. The Sea is for Sailing. Bellingham, London, 1957. Radius, W. A. U. S. Shipping in Transpacific Trade, 1922-1938. Stanford, 1944. Redal, T. T. Rees, H. Pacific Coast Marine Cargo Handling. British Ports and Shipping. Roth, Lottie Roeder. vols. Rostow, W. W. Rowe, W. H. Rydell, R. A. Seattle, 1967. London, 1958. History of Whatcom County. Politics and the Stages of Growth. Maritime History of Maine. Cape Horn to the Pacific. Seattle, 1926, 2 / Cambridge, 1971. New York, 1948. Berkeley, 1952. 116 The ILA and Its History, R:ussell, Maud. New "fork Saltonstall, W. G. Ports ' 191'.il f)f London Schenker, Erie:. The Pffrt of Sibley, Marilyn M. Stahl, J 1938. Madison, 1967. The Port: of Houston, Austin, 19 tL .J. 1956, 2 D. Frame Up! Barre The Stoc1 of Essex. Mass. 1964. Summersell, C. G Time, Inc, U~ S °' \AI a r ~ ed. ShipEL New York, 1965. t ~ Corps of ~ Seattlep 1969 . ~-i~ist_ory of Brown, Jr., S ., '.' Villiers, Alan, Way of a Ship. 1923~ Seattle Dis_tric_t!; 1896--1968 . t~he U. S. Works Proje.ct:3 AdministratiorL 191H, Ed)Ston Looks Seaward. Boston, New York, 1953. Falmouth for Orders, s and t1:1e Wolfe U., 3hore Control and Port Adrrdnistration, New York, 1929. ton s~a,, 1962, A, tune., u· t> s" l'1ari tirrre his r~y{ 117 Brockel, H. C. "The Modern Challenge to Port Management," 7th International Association of Ports and Harbors Conference, Montreal, June, 1971, Sea Grant Reprint, Wis-SG-72-321. Forward, Charles N. "A Comparison of Waterfront Land Use in Four Canadian Ports: St. John, Saint John, Halifax and Victoria," Economic Geography, vol. 45, Number 2, April, 1969. Le Journal de la Marine Marchande. Dec. 1971, Paris. Kendall, Lane C. Auxiliary," 1972. "Le Trafic des ports du monde," "Capable of Serving as a Naval and Military U. S. Naval Institute, Proceedings. Review issue, May Krenkel, John H. "The Port of Los Angeles as a Municipal Enterprise," Pacific Historical Review, vol. 16, Number 3, August, 1947. Marine Digest, Seattle (commercial news). Port of Bellingham. "Bellingham Port of Production." n. d. n. p. Schenker, Eric. "Trends and Implications of Container Shipping," 7th International Association of Ports and Harbors Conference, Montreal, June, 1971. Sea Grant Reprint Wis-SG-72-319. Sea Chest. Seattle (Journal of Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society). Shipping News. Seattle (commerce) Tobin, Austin J. "Management Structure and Operating Policies in Public Authorities: The Port of New York Authority." Comite/ International de l'Organisation Scientifique, vol. 13, September, 1963. "Authorities as a Governmental Technique," address, Rutgers University, March 26, 1953. "The Public Authority in Professional Profile," Masters in Business Administration. December, 1967. World Ports. Washington, D. C. of Port Authorities). (Magazine of the American Association 118 119 Index 120 121 Index Admiral Line, 45, 49 Agriculture, 4, 73 Airport, 21, 31 Alaska, 9, 11, 43, 45 Alaska Gold Rush, 9 Alaska Packers, 28 Alaska Steamship Co., 45 Alexandria, 7 Alumina, 55 Aluminum, 44, 45, 62, 72, 84-85 Ambrose, G. F., 49-52 American Mail, 45 Anacortes, 39 Antwerp, 41 Asmundsen, T. B., 64 Assessed valuation, city, county, 73 Astoria, 11 Astoria & Puget Sound Canning Co., 48, 50, 51 Atlantic Coast, 43, 47 Atlantic Richfield Co., 46, 72, 75 Australia, 46, 47 Baltimore, 43 Barker, Conrad, 20 Beebe, O.E., 19 Bellingham Bay, 3, 12, 17, 22, 45, 61-62, 76 Bellingham Bay Improvement Co., 18 Bellingham Boat Owner's Ass'n, 20 Bellingham Builders Supply (Builders Concrete), 28, 52, 53, 55, 72, 75 Bellingham Canning Co., 48 Bellingham Chamber of Connnerce, 10, 11, 12, 14, 20 Bellingham Channel, 4 Bellingham, City of, 3, 4, 5, 12, 20, 73 Bellingham Cold Storage, 19, 29, 53-55, 71, 75 Bellingham Furniture Manufacturers, 28 Bellingham Herald, 12 Bellingham Marine Railway and Boatbuilding Co., 28 Bellingham Marine Railway & Supply Co., 30 Bellingham Port Connnission, 3, 12, 17-22, 29, 77-78, 83-86 Bellingham Shipping Commodities, Waterborne, 42-49 Bellingham Stevedore Co., 63-64 Bellingham Terminals Syndicate, 18 Bellingham Tug and Barge, 28 Bellingham Warehouse Co., 52, 53 Bellingham Yacht Club, 20, 77 Bilbao, 41 Blaine, 3, 4, 11, 17, 19 Blaine Harbor, 11, 20, 75 Bloedel Donovan Mills, 17, 20, 28, 30, 47, 49-52 Bornstein Seafoods, 28, 52, 53 Bos ton, 40, 43 Bremen/Bremerhaven, 41 Bridges, Harry, 63 British Broadcasting Corp., 8 British Columbia, 3, , 42ff. 54 84 Brooks, Frank, Manufacturing Co., 30 Buenos Aires, 41 Bumble Bee Seafoods, 53, 75 Bureau of Municipal Corporations, 14 Burmeister, Capt., 47 Cain, Ben, 78 Caine Grimshaw Co., 50 Campbell River Logging Co., 50 Canadian Pacific Railway, 45, 50 Canada, 42, 43, 45, 76, 84-85 Cargoes, 42ff. 85 Casablanca, 41' Carthage, 7 Chemicals, 45, 72, 85 Cherry Point, 29, 62, 85 Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul R.R., 4, 50-53 China, 1, 47 "Chrysler Pete's" Marine Sales & Repair, 78 Chuckanut Bay, 20 Citizens Dock, 29, 49, 50-53 City of Los Angeles, 47 Cleo, 49 Columbia Valley Lumber Co., 28 Comanche, 4 7 Containers, 61, 64, 85 122 Countryman, Charles, 49 Croy Construction, 28 Cuba, 47 Dahl Fish, 5 3 d'Amico-Mediterranean-Pacific, 45 Depression (1929-1940), 19, 49, 61 Diehl Ford, 28 Dollar Line, 10, 45 Dollar, Robert, 10 Ecology, Department of, 14, 22 Durban, 41 Eliza, Francisco, 3 Emergency Relief Admin., 19 Employment, 63-64, 71-75 Everett, 39 Fairhaven Yacht Club; 20 Federal Aviation Agency, 14 Federal Govt., 12, 14, 17, 19-21, 84 Federal Maritime Admin., 14 Ferries, 47-49 Fish, 55, 72, 83, 85 Fishing, 19, 29, 46, 71, 73, 78 Galveston, 42 Gannon, G. W., 20 Gantry cranes, 21, 64 Georgia Pacific Corp., 21, 28, 45, 46, 54, 62, 71, 75 Genoa, 7, 41 Gillnetters, 65, 78 Glenn, Thomas, 64 Glenovich family, 78 Goteborg, 41 Grace Line, 45 Grange, The, 14 Gray, Robert, 1 Grays Harbor, 11, 39 Great Northern R.R., 4, 9 Griggs Stationary, 28 Gross sales, 71 Gulf of Mexico, 43 Hale Passage, 4 Haley International Cross Arm Co., 30 Hamburg, 41 Hanseatic League, 7 Hanseatic-Vasa, 45 Hanson family, 78 Haro Strait, 4 Hinterland, 4 Hopkins, E. M., 28 ·~ Hyldahl, Robert, 64 I & J Street Waterway, 4, 17 Idaho, 54 ILWU, 63-64 Indebtedness, 11-13, 18, 25-26 Indian, 49 Indians, 3 Industrial Development Districts, 13, 31 Intalco Aluminum Co., 29, 30, 45, 46, 55, 62, 71, 72, 75 Inter Ocean Agencies, 45 Interstate Commerce Commission, 14 Ireland, D. K., 20 Ireland & Bellingar, 28 Islander, 49 Isler, Harry, 29 Japan, 42, 45, 47, 61, 84 Jones Act, 48. "K" Line, 45 Kawasaki, 41 Kulshan, 47 Lake Whatcom, 76 LeHavre, 41 Lend Lease, 43 Lisbon, 41 Liverpool, 7, 41 Logs, 42ff., 62, 72, 84-85 London, 7, 41 Longshoremen, 63, 64 Longview, 39 Los Angeles, 40 Luckenbach, 45, 49 Lumber, 47 Marseilles, 41 Matson Steamship Line, 45 Mobil Oil Co., 46, 55, 56, 71, 72, 75 Moorage, fishing & pleasure boats, 27 Moore-McCormick, 45 Morrison Mill Co., 47, 50 Morse Hardware, 28 Mt. Baker Plywood, 28, 71 Muljat, Frank, 78 Muljat, Vince, 78 Municipal Dock (Muni Dock) 18, 31, 48-52 Munn, 0. N., 19 Nagoya, 41 Narvik, 41 123 National Harbours Board 9 Natural Resources, Dept. of, 14 Ned-Lloyd-Hoegh, 45 Nelson , 78 New Deal, 19 New Jersey, 9 New Orleans, 9, 40 New Whatcom Yacht Club, 20 New York, 11, 40, 43 Nolte, G. V., 50 Nooksack River, 3 North Terminal, 21, 32 Northern Europe, 45, 47 Northwest Fuel 53 Oeser Cedar, 28 Olivine Rock ,, 75 Port tax levies, 12, 13, 26 Port ation 66 Portland Cement 23,, 28 Portland, Ore 0, 40 Potlatch, 47 , 8 Puget Sound, 1 45 71 14, 83 4, 9, 10 61 Puget Sour1d Fr 2 lL. Lines 1 53 Puget Sound Navigation Co, 20 ./ $' l~5 !i 52 !+ 7 Sound Power and • 28 Sol1D.d .& Tirnber Co@ ~· 28 ~ 50-53 Sound Sawmills & Co, , 17, 4 7, 50 Olympia, 39 L:.2ff, 62, 72, 85 Olympic Portland a) Cement Co, Purse Seiners, 65, 78 17, 23, 28, 47, 50-53, 75 Dock, lr(9 ~ 50=51 Origins of Bellingham Port Commission, 78 9-12 4, 9, 45, 54-55 Pacific American Fisheries, 17, 22, 28, Co, , 73 L'.15~ 47-53 Retail Sales, 73 Pacific Coast Paper Mills, 52 Richfield, 53 Pacific Mail, 45 Roberts Bank, Canada, 85 Pacific Maritime Ass'n., 63 Roeder 3 Paige, H. B., 12 Rosario Straits, 4 Pallets 63, 6i: Rothschild S Pan arn.a Canal 9 Rotterdam, j; Peabody Russell 3 Peasley, Matt, 47 Peruvian State Lines, 45 Philadelphia, 9, 43 Pierce, John, 20 Piraeus, 41 Pollution, 22, 85 Population, 4 9 5, 85 Port Authori , , 7, 12-13 Port, definitions, 7, 8 Port, waterfront prope 22-23 1 - Port bonded indebtedness ro:riI: -~ ' ts 13, 25 tal 11ssets, 25 l,2 43 Salt, 21 54 San Franci:c:;co, 9., 18, 40 San Juan, 49 San Juan Islands, L 49 76 San Juan Pulp Co., 28 ion Coo, 45 San Juan 52 Sand and gravel 42 li,3, 55, 62,, Russia~ Petroleum, 46, 56, 62 8~~85 Petroleuin Navigation Co., 51 79-80 l1,l 13 26 Port Port generai;;ed dollars by handling,, 72 Port leases,, 2 7 Port of Belling.ham, 3, L~~ 9}> 12, 22~ 25, 53, 62 6l: Po:ct of Ne"? York Authori , 9 12 $ Seattle 4, 9 0 39, 61, 85 Seattle-Tacoma , 61 , 0, H, , 50 Shoreline Sien1ons Ltrrnber Signal Oil, 53 "~o,, ~~ 1 ore, '+-'Skagit c:oun 54 Smith, E, B. 1 t So:rensor1~Garrett Insur-arice, 30 124 South Side, 17, 22 South Terminal, 22, 55 Squalicum Creek Waterway, 4, 17, 18, 30 Squalicum Harbor, 19, 20, 78 Squalicrnn Yacht Club, 20 Standard Oil Co., S0-53 States Lines, 45 Straits of Georgia, 4 Strait of Juan de Fuca, 4 Strikes, 61-62, 8S Superports, 61-62, 8S Swinomish Channel, 4 Sydney, 41 Tacoma, 39 Talbot Bellingham Iron Works & Shipyards, 19, 28 Tennessee Valley Authority, 8 Terrill, W. E., 12 Texaco, S3 Tonnage totals, revision, Whatcom County, 37-38, 56-S7 Trade, coastal, intercoastal, foreign, local, 46, 84-85 Tripoli, 41 Trucks, 54-SS, 61 Uniflite (United Boatbuilders) 28, SS, 71, 77 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 14, 17, 84 U. S. Coast Guard, 14, 101 U. S. Congress, 14 U. S. Customs Service, 14 U. S. Dept. of Innnigration, 14 U. S. Navy, 43, 101 U. S. Public Health Service, 14 Value of Manufactures, 7lff. Value of port, 7lff., 85-86 Vancouver, B. C., 3, 4, 40, 62 Vancouver, George, 3 Vancouver, Wa., 11, 39 Venice, 7 Voters of Whatcom County, 3, 12, 17, 21, 83-86 Wages, 64 Washington Public Ports Association, 14 Washington, State of, 1, S, 39 Waterborne shipping, 38ff. Water-related industry, shipments on land, S4 Weldcraft Shipyard, 28, 29 Western Washington State College, 73 Westford, John, 20 Wharfage, 32, 64 Whatcom County, 3, 4, 10, 11, S4, 71, 73-76, 8S Whatcom County Cooperative Poultry Assn. , 29, S2 Whatcom County Council of Governments, 14 Whatcom County Development Council, 14, 30 Whatcom County Traffic and Rates Bureau, 30 Whatcom Creek Waterway, 4, 17-20, 78 Whatcom Falls Mill Co., 50, 51 Wood, E. K., Mills, 17, 47, SO World War I, 1, 8, 10 World War II, 19, 43 Wrang, George, 30 Xitco, Peter, 78 Yachting, 77-78 Yamashita-Shinnihon, 45 Zuanich, Peter, 64, 78 125 About the Author Born in Los Angeles, California, in 1932. After graduating from Willamette University in 1954 with a B.A. in history, he earned the M.A., Ph.D. degrees in history in 1955 and 1965 from the University of California at Berkeley. He has written Leonard Wood and Cuban Independence, 1898-1902 (The Hague: articles on the U.S. and Cuba. Nijhoff, 1971) and several After three years as assistant academic dean and dean of students, he is currently associate professor of history at Western Washington State College. 126
Show less

MABEL: Multimedia Archives Based Electronic Library

Search results

Refine

Date

Type of content

Genre/form

Related Collection

Object custodian

Place Names